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法律英語翻譯典型詞語和句式|學(xué)習(xí)規(guī)范英語的翻譯技巧|上海譯境為您全盤解析|上海譯境翻譯報(bào)價(jià)與翻譯服務(wù)

發(fā)表時(shí)間:2015/06/01 00:00:00  來源:m.xiaoshizhe.com.cn  作者:m.xiaoshizhe.com.cn  瀏覽次數(shù):2845  
字體大小: 【小】 【中】 【大】

一、典型法律禁令句型翻譯之一 “不得”字句

 

用“不得”字句表達(dá)禁止性規(guī)范,莊重嚴(yán)肅,簡潔明快?!安坏谩币话阕g作shall not, 然而“不能”常譯為may not,這和英文中一些否定表達(dá)方法對應(yīng)一致,故不再重復(fù)。要注意根據(jù)實(shí)際情況選擇程度不同的否定表達(dá)方式。

 

例1:沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)是沒收犯罪分子個(gè)人所有財(cái)產(chǎn)的一部分或者全部。在判處沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)的時(shí)候,不得沒收屬于犯罪分子家屬所有或者應(yīng)有的財(cái)產(chǎn)。(刑法第五十九條)

 

參考譯文:Confiscation of property refers to the confiscation of part of all of the property personally owned by a criminal. When a sentence of confiscation of property is imposed, property that the criminal’s family member owns or should own shall not be subject to confiscation. legaltranz.com

 

與“不得”語義相近的還有“不許,不準(zhǔn),不能”等。

 

例2:判決宣告以前一人犯數(shù)罪的,除判處死刑和無期徒刑的以外,應(yīng)當(dāng)在總和刑期以下、數(shù)刑中最高刑期以上,酌情決定執(zhí)行的刑期;但是管制最高不能超過三年,拘役最高不能超過一年,有期徒刑最高不能超過二十年。

 

參考譯文:For a criminal who commits several crimes before a judgment is pronounced, unless he is sentenced to death or life imprisonment, his term of punishment shall be decided in such a way that it may not exceed the total of the terms for all the crimes and must be longer than the maximum term for any one of the crimes, depending on the circumstances of each case. However, the term of public surveillance may not exceed three years, the term of criminal detention may not exceed one year, and fixed-term imprisonment may not exceed twenty years.

 

二、典型法律禁令句型翻譯之二 “禁止”字句

 

 “禁止”字句在漢譯英的過程中通常譯為be prohibited句式。

 

例1 禁止證券交易內(nèi)幕信息的知情人和非法獲取內(nèi)幕信息的人利用內(nèi)幕信息從事證券交易活動(dòng)。

 

參考譯文:Persons possessing inside information relating to securities trading and persons obtaining such information unlawfully are prohibited from making use of such inside information in securities trading activities. legaltranz.com

 

禁止任何人利用任何手段擾亂社會(huì)秩序。擾亂社會(huì)秩序情節(jié)嚴(yán)重,致使工作、生產(chǎn)、營業(yè)和教學(xué)、科研無法進(jìn)行,國家和社會(huì)遭受嚴(yán)重?fù)p失的,對首要分子處五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利。

 

參考譯文: it shall be prohibited for anyone to disturb public order by any means. If the circumstances of the public disturbance are so serious that work, production, business, education or scientific research cannot be conducted and the state and society suffer serious losses, the ringleaders shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.

 

三、典型法律禁令句型翻譯之三 “處”字句

 

用“處”字句表示禁止性規(guī)范有以下兩個(gè)特點(diǎn):其一,在語義上,與“不得”字句不同的是,它用具體的制裁來表示禁令。其二,在結(jié)構(gòu)上,主語往往為“的”字結(jié)構(gòu),突出犯罪主體或犯罪行為,簡介莊重;謂語部分的“處”字突出對犯罪主體或犯罪行為的處置。

 

“處”字句一般為被動(dòng)句,為使行為簡潔,實(shí)施(司法機(jī)關(guān))一般不出現(xiàn)。有時(shí)為了使語義明確,實(shí)施(司法機(jī)關(guān))也可以出現(xiàn),通常譯為be sentenced to句式。請看下例:

 

策動(dòng)、勾引、收買國家工作人員、武裝部隊(duì)、人民警察、民兵投敵叛變或者叛亂的,處無期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑。刑法第九十三條

 

參考譯文:Whoever instigates lures or bribes a state functionary or a member of the armed forces, the people’s police or the people’s militia to defect to the enemy and turn traitor or to rise in rebellion shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than ten years.

 

四、典型法律禁令句型翻譯之四 “是”字句

 

“是”字句規(guī)定什么行為是犯罪,語氣堅(jiān)決,表達(dá)禁止性規(guī)范莊重簡練。與“處”字句不同的是,它不表述具體的處罰。常譯為refer to,用來解釋說明。請看下例:

 

例1:明知自己的行為會(huì)發(fā)生危害社會(huì)的后果,并且希望或者放任這種結(jié)果發(fā)生,因而構(gòu)成犯罪的,是故意犯罪。(刑法第十四條)

 

參考譯文:An intentional crime refers to a crime committed by a person who clearly knows that his act will produce socially dangerous consequences but who wishes or allows such consequences to occur.

 

例2:組織、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)犯罪集團(tuán)進(jìn)行犯罪活動(dòng)的或者在共同犯罪中起主要作用的,是主犯。對于主犯,除本法分則已有規(guī)定的以外,應(yīng)當(dāng)從重處罰。(刑法第二十三條)

 

參考譯文:A principal criminal refers to any person who organizes and leads a criminal group in carrying out criminal activities or plays a principal role in a joint crime. A principal criminal shall be given a heavier punishment unless otherwise provided for in the specific provisions of this Law. Legaltranz.com

 

例3:剝奪政治權(quán)利是剝奪下列權(quán)利:

(一)選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán);

(二)憲法第四十五條規(guī)定的各種權(quán)利;

(三)擔(dān)任國家機(jī)關(guān)職務(wù)的權(quán)利;

(四)擔(dān)任企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位和人民團(tuán)體領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)的權(quán)利;

 

參考譯文:Deprivation of political rights refers to deprivation of the following rights:

(1) the right to vote and to stand for election;

(2) the right provided for in Article 45 of the Constitution;

(3) the right to hold a position in a state organ; and

(4) the right to hold a leading position in any enterprise, institution or people’s organization.


五、法律詞語翻譯之 Must翻譯

 

在法律草擬專家和該領(lǐng)域的翻譯專家的實(shí)踐中,尤其是在具權(quán)威性法律文獻(xiàn)的翻譯實(shí)踐中,以must對應(yīng)“必須”的慣例似乎早已確立.

 

例如

 

1.The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative region must be a person of integrity, dedicated to his/her duties.

 

香港特別行政區(qū)行政長官必須廉潔奉公、盡忠職守。

 

2.任何單位和個(gè)人實(shí)施他人專利的,除本法第十四條規(guī)定的以外,都必須與專利權(quán)人訂立書面實(shí)施許可合同,向?qū)@麢?quán)人支付專利使用費(fèi)?!?專利權(quán)的所有權(quán)單位或者持有單位應(yīng)當(dāng)對職務(wù)發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的發(fā)明人或者設(shè)計(jì)人給予獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。

 

Except as provided for in Article 14, any entity or individual exploiting the patent of another must conclude a written licensing contract with the patentee and pay the patentee a fee for the exploitation of its or his patent. … The entity owning or holding the patent right on a job-related invention-creation shall reward the inventor or designer.

 

3. 中華人民共和國公民必須遵守憲法和法律,保守國家機(jī)密,愛護(hù)公共財(cái)產(chǎn),遵守勞動(dòng)紀(jì)律,遵守公共秩序,尊重社會(huì)公德。

 

Citizens of the People’s Republic of China must abide by the Constitution and the Law, keep state secrets, protect public property and observe labor discipline and public order and respect social ethics.

 

雖然我們可以在其他一些法律條文的譯本中找到shall或may被譯成“必須”的例證,但那種譯法畢竟比較偶然。所以,我們建議:法律英語中的shall不應(yīng)譯成“必須”,而應(yīng)把“必須”的任務(wù)留給must去完成。

 

六、法律詞語翻譯之 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞May

 

May 在法律英語中主要有兩種解釋。

 

一是表示“給予許可”或者“給予某人做某事的授權(quán)”(be allowed to or have permission to),這一含義多用于法律法規(guī)中。

 

二是表示“也許”或者“可能性”(be in some degree likely to),這一含義多用于法律合同中。

 

第一、May 在法律法規(guī)中的翻譯

 

May 在法律法規(guī)的法律英語中表示被授權(quán)的法律含義時(shí),漢語中常用“可”或“可以”表示。下面的例子就是進(jìn)一步說明這一特征。

 

① 中華人民共和國法律和中華人民共和國締結(jié)或者參加的國際條約沒有規(guī)定的,可以適用國際慣例(《中華人民共和國民法通則》第142 條)。

 

International practice may be applied on matters of which neither the law of the People’s Republic of China nor any international treaty concluded or acceded to by the People’s Republic of China has any provisions.

 

② 民事法律行為可以采取書面形式、口頭形式或者其他形式(《中華人民共和國民法通則》第56 條)。

 

A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form.

 

③ 人民法院審理案件,其中一部分事實(shí)已經(jīng)清楚,可以就該部分先行判決(《中華人民共和國民事訴訟法》第139 條)。

 

If some of the facts in a case being tried by the People’s Court are already evident, the Court may pass judgment on that part of the case first.

 

④ 當(dāng)事人對重審案件的判決、裁定,可以上訴(《中華人民共和國民事訴訟法》第154 條)。

 

The parties concerned may appeal against the judgment or written order rendered in a retrial of their case.

 

第二、May 在法律合同文件中的翻譯

 

May 在法律英語合同法律文件中的法律解釋以“可能”、“可以”(likely, possible )或者“(或)許”(perhaps)的含義為主,但也更有可能在“可能性”(possibility)與“準(zhǔn)許”(permission)之間易產(chǎn)生歧義。在漢語的法律表述中常常用詞組“可以……, 也可以……”來表達(dá)may 在法律英語中“可能性”的法律解釋。

 

① 當(dāng)事人依法可以委托代理人訂立合同(《中華人民共和國合同法》第9 條)。

 

The parties may conclude a contract through an agent in accordance with the law.

 

② 承租人可以要求減少租金或者不支付租金(《中華人民共和國合同法》第228 條)。

 

The lessee may request a reduction of rent or not to pay the rent.

 

③ 出租人可以要求支付全部租金;也可以解除合同,收回租賃物(《中華人民共和國合同法》第248條)。

 

The lesser may request it to pay all the rent, or rescind the contract and take back the leased property. ”

 

④ 發(fā)包人可以與總承包人訂立建設(shè)工程合同,也可以分別與勘察人、設(shè)計(jì)人、施工人訂立勘察、設(shè)計(jì)、施工承包合同(《中華人民共和國合同法》第272 條)。

 

The contract letting party may enter into a construction project contract with a general contractor, or enter into a survey contract, design contract or construction contract with a surveyor, designer or constructor respectively.

 

七、法律詞語翻譯之 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞Shall

 

在表述“施為性”和“必要性”的法律概念時(shí),漢語用典型特征的詞“應(yīng)當(dāng)”、“應(yīng)該”或“應(yīng)”來表示法律英語中shall 包含的“權(quán)力義務(wù)和責(zé)任”的法律含義。我國現(xiàn)行法規(guī)的英文翻譯就能充分對比這些特征。

 

1. The Customs shall keep the reporters secret.

海關(guān)應(yīng)當(dāng)為舉報(bào)人保密(《中華人民共和國海關(guān)法》第8條)。

 

2. The finished products for processing trade shall be exported within the specified time limit. For those imported materials used for the purpose that are bonded with approval given in accordance with State regulations, formalities for the records of bond shall be written off with the Customs; where duties are collected in advance, formalities for the drawback of the duties paid shall be completed with the Customs in accordance with law.

加工貿(mào)易制成品應(yīng)當(dāng)在規(guī)定的期限內(nèi)復(fù)出口。其中使用的進(jìn)口料件,屬于國家規(guī)定準(zhǔn)予保稅的應(yīng)當(dāng)向海關(guān)辦理核銷手續(xù);屬于先征收稅款的,依法向海關(guān)辦理退稅手續(xù)(《全國人大關(guān)于修改〈中華人民共和國海關(guān)法〉的決定》第17條)。

 

3. When the lawsuit is brought, a statement of complaint shall be provided to the People’s Court, and copies of the statement shall be provided according to the number of defendants.

起訴應(yīng)當(dāng)向人民法院遞交起訴狀,并按照被告人數(shù)提出副本(《中華人民共和國民事訴訟法》第109條)

 

4. After the creditor has submitted his application, the People’s Court shall inform the creditor within five days whether it accepts the application or not.

債權(quán)人提出申請后,人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)在五天內(nèi)通知債權(quán)人是否受理(《中華人民共和國民事訴訟法》第190條)。

 

八、法律英語中“的”字句的八種譯法

 

 “的”字結(jié)構(gòu)事實(shí)上是中文省略了作為邏輯主語的行為者的一種語法結(jié)構(gòu),在句子中充當(dāng)主語。

 

它們主要有三種形式。

 

(一)由抽象詞組成,如“紅的是我的,綠的是你的”;

 

(二)由動(dòng)賓詞組+的組成,例如,“值得高興的是,他沒有受傷。”;

 

(三)由主謂詞組+的,例如:“他指的不是這件事”。

 

“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)在法律文書中尤為常見?!暗摹弊纸Y(jié)構(gòu)的多種形式中,用于法律文書的主要有“動(dòng)賓詞組+的,比如:“構(gòu)成犯罪的”,“獲得證書的”,等等,下面,筆者試圖將法律文書中的“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)再細(xì)分為八類,分門別類進(jìn)行分析,并舉出中國法律出版社的相關(guān)譯文以資參考。

 

1、Whoever式:

 

原文:具有下列條件之一的,可以參加執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師資格考試。(醫(yī)師法,8)

 

分析:邏輯主語是行為者,而且句子比較短,適合使用這種句型。值得注意的是,法律文書不用those who句型,因?yàn)檫@種句型比較口語化,與法律文書的文體要求不符,whoever同時(shí)又有包括一切人的含義,比較適用于這種泛指一切人的句子。

 

譯文:Whoever meets one of the following requirements may take the examinations for the qualifications of a licensed doctor.(醫(yī)師法,7)

 

2、Anyone who 式:

 

原文:具有高等學(xué)校醫(yī)學(xué)??苹蛘咧械葘I(yè)學(xué)校醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)歷,在執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師指導(dǎo)下,在醫(yī)療、預(yù)防、保健機(jī)構(gòu)中試用期滿1年的,可以參加執(zhí)業(yè)助理醫(yī)師資格考試。(醫(yī)師法,10)

 

分析:anyone who 與whoever表面看來沒有什么區(qū)別,但是細(xì)辯之下,它們的適用范圍還是有一些不同,anyone who 用來指稱具備一定條件的人,并不是泛指所有的人,如whoever那樣;anyone who 另外一點(diǎn)與whoever不同的地方是,anyone who是個(gè)定語從句,后邊可以帶好幾個(gè)并行成分的句子而讀者讀起來不感吃力,這點(diǎn)whoever是自嘆不如的,大家在決定用whoever還是anyone who 之前一定要仔細(xì)分析句型,然后再下筆。

 

譯文:Anyone who has reached the level of a graduate from the faculty of medicine of a university or a polytechnic school and,under the guidance of a licensed doctor ,worked on probation for at least one year in the medical treatment, disease prevention or health care institution may take the examinations for the qualifications of an assistant doctor.(醫(yī)師法,9)

 

3、No one who 式:

 

原文:有下列情形之一的,不予注冊:(醫(yī)師法,12)

 

分析:這是anyone who 的否定形式。中文常常否定動(dòng)詞,如此句中的“不予注冊”,而英語卻否定名詞,如此句中的no one 。正由于這個(gè)原因,盡管這個(gè)句子很短,也不適用whoever 句型。

 

譯文:No one who is found in one of the following cases shall be registered(醫(yī)師法,11)

 

4、尋找主語式:

 

原文:取得醫(yī)師資格的,可以向所在地縣級(jí)以上人民政府衛(wèi)生行政部門申請注冊。(醫(yī)師法,10)

 

分析:上面說過,“的”結(jié)構(gòu),實(shí)際上是省略了邏輯主語的句子,由于英語受SVO結(jié)構(gòu)的要求,必須出一個(gè)主語。然而,這第四種類型的句子,沒有必要按照anyone who的句型去翻譯,另外添加一個(gè)主語,那樣就會(huì)顯得累贅。有時(shí),主語可以在上下文當(dāng)中找到。這句就是一個(gè)比較典型的例子。因?yàn)椤叭〉冕t(yī)師資格的人”豈不就是“執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師”的意思嗎?當(dāng)然,要把主語找出來,并打破原文的字面束縛,是需要一定的學(xué)識(shí)與膽量的,需要平時(shí)多看多學(xué),細(xì)細(xì)體會(huì)。

 

譯文:A certified doctor may apply for registration to the administrative department for public health of the local people′s government at or above the county level.(醫(yī)師法,9)

 

5、補(bǔ)出主語式:

 

原文:儲(chǔ)存、運(yùn)輸,處置城市生活垃圾違反本法規(guī)定的,按照國務(wù)院關(guān)于環(huán)境保護(hù)和城市環(huán)境衛(wèi)生的有關(guān)規(guī)定予以處罰。(環(huán)境法,44)

 

分析:補(bǔ)出主語式與上文第一式“whoever”式,第二式anyone who 式不同之處在于它根據(jù)原文的上下文,補(bǔ)出了一個(gè)具體的主語,使行為者更加具體、明確。這兒補(bǔ)出的主語是“any person or unit”。翻譯好這類句子的關(guān)鍵是找準(zhǔn)行為者,使之與上下文協(xié)調(diào)。

 

譯文:If any person or unit stores, transports or treats urban house refuse against the provisions of this Law, he or it shall be punished in accordance with the relevant regulations of the State Council regarding environmental protection and urban environmental sanitation.(環(huán)境法,43)

 

6、Where + person(active voice)式:

 

原文:以不正當(dāng)手段取得醫(yī)師執(zhí)業(yè)證書的,由發(fā)給證書的衛(wèi)生行政部門予以吊銷;(醫(yī)師法,28)

 

分析:當(dāng)“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與具體行為的主語并非同一的時(shí)候,where是個(gè)非常有用的詞。在法律文書的翻譯中,where結(jié)構(gòu)是經(jīng)常用到的。必須指出的是where與when、if的不同。初看之下,好象用where起句的地方,可以用if或when取代。但是細(xì)細(xì)分析起來,它們之間還是有區(qū)別,主要的區(qū)別在于,if強(qiáng)調(diào)了一種假設(shè),when強(qiáng)調(diào)了時(shí)間上的關(guān)系,而where顯得比較客觀,讀來給人一種莊重的感覺,“只要你這么做了,你就理當(dāng)受到懲罰”,而不分時(shí)間,也沒有任何條件。

 

譯文:Where a person obtains the doctors license by illegitimate means, the administrative department for health that granted the license shall revoke it ;(醫(yī)師法,29)

 

7、Where+things (passive voice)式:

 

原文:仿造、變造會(huì)計(jì)憑證、會(huì)計(jì)帳簿、編制虛假財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)告,構(gòu)成犯罪的,依法追究刑事責(zé)任。(會(huì)計(jì)法,34)

 

分析:這是where式句型的一種變體,用以強(qiáng)調(diào)原文動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語。應(yīng)該講,用6式還是7式都是可以的,也就是說,無論是用主動(dòng)句型還是用被動(dòng)句型都是可以考慮的。至于用哪個(gè),要看具體情況來定。像這句,有五個(gè)動(dòng)詞,五個(gè)賓語,三個(gè)短語,如用6式,出一個(gè)人稱主語anyone, 句子勢必顯得、冗長,頭輕而腳重。而用被動(dòng),可以將句子拆成三個(gè)部分,分別表達(dá),整句顯得前后用力平衡。

 

譯文:Where accounting vouches or account books are counterfeited or altered, or false financial and accounting reports are prepared, and therefore a crime is constituted, criminal liabilities shall be investigated in accordance with law. I(會(huì)計(jì)法,35)

 

8、If it is +adjective 式:

 

原文:確有必要進(jìn)口前款規(guī)定目錄中的固體廢物用作原料的,必須報(bào)國務(wù)院環(huán)境保護(hù)行政主管部門會(huì)同國務(wù)院對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易主管部門審查許可,方可進(jìn)口。(環(huán)境法,18)

 

分析:如同上面的兩種句式,這種句式其實(shí)也有一個(gè)潛在主語,把它補(bǔ)出,也未嘗不可。如此句,也可以譯成If a unit really needs to import …… If it is really necessary for a unit to import…。但是,與上面兩句不同的是,這句中有一個(gè)形容詞“必要”,因此,完全可以利用這個(gè)形容詞,而把事實(shí)上的主語也同樣隱藏起來。

 

譯文:If it is really necessary to import as raw material of the solid waste that is included in the catalog stipulated in the preceding paragraph, examination must be conducted by the competent administrative department of environment protection in conjunction with the competent department of foreign economic relations and trade under the State Council and permission must be obtained from them in advance.(環(huán)境法,19)


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