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英文合同句式及用詞特點(diǎn)

                    SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND WORDS CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTRACT

 

English contract sentences and words characteristics

1.句式結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)（Sentence Structure） 句式結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)（ 句式結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) ）

A. 句子冗長，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語序復(fù)雜 ）句子冗長，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)， 英文合同為了準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)密、清楚地表達(dá)， 多以龐雜的從句和/或短語并列，語序復(fù)雜 多變的長句面目出現(xiàn)，很少以簡單句為主。 A．主句的狀語的位置，一般放在助動(dòng)詞后， ．主句的狀語的位置， 行為動(dòng)詞前，與基礎(chǔ)英語頻度副詞如；often，sometimes，always，never， seldom的位置相同

 

The Company shall, at all time during the term of the Joint Venture, effect and maintain full and adequate insurance against loss or damage by fire and such risks as are customarily issued in connection with the operation of the Company.

合資公司應(yīng)在合資期間的任何時(shí)候，就火 災(zāi)以及此類與公司經(jīng)營相關(guān)的其他風(fēng)險(xiǎn)所 造成的損失或損害進(jìn)行投保，并保持充分 和適當(dāng)?shù)谋ｋU(xiǎn)。

 

B．從句復(fù)雜，從句的狀語，往往放在連詞之后，從句的句子之前。例如： 之后，從句的句子之前 If, at any time during the execution of the Contract, either of the Parties to the contract is prevented from executing the Contract in case of Force Majeure such as war, serious fires, flood, typhoon and earthquake, etc., the time for execution of the Contract shall be extended for a period equal to the affect of those causes.

 

在合同履行期間的任何時(shí)候，合同任一方， 由于受到戰(zhàn)爭、嚴(yán)重火災(zāi)、洪水、臺風(fēng)和 地震等不可抗力事件的影響而不能履行合 同時(shí)，合同履行期應(yīng)予延長，延長期限相 當(dāng)于事件影響的時(shí)間。

 

C．主從復(fù)合句，從句經(jīng)常用簡略形式。 ．主從復(fù)合句，從句經(jīng)常用簡略形式。

A party dissatisfied with the judgment may, within 15 day upon receipt of the judgment, file an appeal to the next upper People’s Court.

如不服本判決，該方可于接到判決之日起十五日 內(nèi)向上一級法院提起上訴。

 

The Contractor shall, unless otherwise provided in the Contract, make his own arrangement for the engagement of all staff and labour, local or other, and for their payment, housing, feeding and transport.

除合同另有規(guī)定外，承包人應(yīng)自行安排從當(dāng)?shù)鼗?nbsp;其他地方雇用的所有職員和勞務(wù)人員，以及他們 的報(bào)酬、住房、膳食和交通。

 

2  否定前置與倒裝 ） 否定前置與倒裝(Negative Fronting and Anastrophe)

A. 否定前置：(Fronting)

Nothing in Article 12.3 shall prevent Party A or any of its affiliation from continuing to carry on any of their present businesses.

合同第十二條第三款規(guī)定不得妨礙甲方或其分支 機(jī)構(gòu)持續(xù)經(jīng)營現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)。

 

 Neither party, without prior consent of the other, may assign or transfer to any third party any equity interests held by its side.

未經(jīng)對方同意，任一方不得向任何第三人轉(zhuǎn)讓其 持有的股權(quán)。

 

B .否定倒裝：(Anastrophe)

In no event shall the Seller be liable for lost profit s, delay, injury to goodwill or any special or cons equential damages howsoever any of the same are caused.

對于利潤損失、延誤、商譽(yù)損害或任何特別或間接的損害賠 償，不論任何原因引起的，賣方概不承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

 

In this case, Party B shall refund to Party A the amount which Party A has paid to Party B plus the related interest at the rate of 10% per year immediately, but in no case shall such refunding by Party B exceeds 30 days from receipt from Party A of the notice to terminate the contract.

在此種情況下，乙方應(yīng)立即返還甲方已支付給乙方的款項(xiàng)并 按年利率10%加算利息，但不論怎樣乙方該返還不得超過收 到甲方終止合同通知后30日。

 

3 被動(dòng)語態(tài) Passive Voice

Failure to notify Party A shall be deemed to be a material breach of this Agreement.

未能按上述要求通知甲方的，則視為構(gòu)成 實(shí)質(zhì)違約。（作謂語）

 

Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned goods subject to terms and conditions set forth hereinafter as follows: 按如下列明的條款，賣方同意出售，買方 同意購買下述商品：（作后置定語）

 

The payment of all the expenses under this contract shall be made through Bank of China, Shenzhen Branch and the bank designated by Party B.

所有合同項(xiàng)下的費(fèi)用均應(yīng)通過中國銀行深圳分行 和乙方指定銀行進(jìn)行支付。（作謂語和后置定語）

 

Upon termination or dissolution of the Partnership，the partnership will be promptly liquidated, with all debts being paid first, prior to any distribution of the remaining funds.

合伙企業(yè)一經(jīng)終止或解散，合伙企業(yè)立即清算， 在分割剩余財(cái)產(chǎn)前，首先償還所有債務(wù)。（作謂 語和狀語）

 

4 . 用詞特點(diǎn)   贅語Doublets and Triplets

Able and willing=willing Full and complete= complete Null and void= void Legal and valid= valid Dispute, controversy or claim=d ispute Cancel, annul and set aside=cancel

 

Party A agrees to purchase from Party B the follo wing commodity under the terms and conditions set out below:

甲方同意按照下列條款向乙方購買如下商品：

 

 Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20.

自9月2O日起，甲方已無權(quán)接受任何定單或收據(jù)。

 

Any partner or his/her agent, may review any and all accounting or other records at anytime.

任何合伙人或其代理人，可隨時(shí)審查任一或全部會 計(jì)賬目或其他記錄。

 

The decision by such arbitration shall be accepted as final and binding upon both parties。

該仲裁裁決為終局裁決，雙方均受其約束。Final和 binding屬相關(guān)詞連用。

 

The Company hereby releases and discharges Party A from further performance of, and any duties, obligations or liabilities under, the amended Agreement.

本公司特此解除甲方已修正協(xié)議的進(jìn)一步履行及其 修正協(xié)議下的義務(wù)和責(zé)任。Release和discharge相 關(guān)詞連用，duty，obligation和liability屬近同義詞連 用。

 

If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations of the said Contract, this obligation shall be null or void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect.

 

如果承包人切實(shí)履行并遵守上述合同的所 有條款、條件及規(guī)定，此義務(wù)即告終止， 有條款、條件及規(guī)定，此義務(wù)即告終止， 否則將保持完全有效。 否則將保持完全有效。

 

5  Here/there/where+介詞構(gòu)成的古體詞 介詞構(gòu)成的古體詞

基本規(guī)則：Here代表this，there代表that，where 代表which或what即here/there/where+介詞=介詞+this/that/which or what

The parties hereto=the parties to this contract

The parties hereby declare=as a result of; by this means

Thereafter, The products shall be stored in a warehouse=after that time

Whereat =at which Whereupon=immediately after which

 

Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特 此，由此，茲等意。

例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:

買方向賣方訂購下列商品，條件如下： Herein：in this。此中，于此。

 

例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A.

在此規(guī)定的最低特許權(quán)使用費(fèi)應(yīng)由乙方付 給甲方。

 

Hereof：of this。關(guān)于此點(diǎn)，在本文件中。 Hereunder：under this. 本文件規(guī)定。 例句：Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation.

合同雙方就本合同規(guī)定交易任一條款的適用和解釋所產(chǎn)生的所有爭議同意力求通過 友好協(xié)商予以解決。

 

Hereto：to this.本文件的。Thereof：of that.它的，其。Thereto：to that 與之，向 那里。 例句：“Licensed Products” means the devices and products described in Schedule 1 annexed hereto together with all improvement and modification thereof or development with respect thereto.

“特許產(chǎn)品”系指在本協(xié)議附件1中所述的裝 置和產(chǎn)品，及其全部改進(jìn)和修改的產(chǎn)品和與之相關(guān)的產(chǎn)品。

 

Herewith：with this.與此，附此。Thereby：by that means.因此，由此，從而

 

例句：If any one or more of the provisions contained in this Contract or any document executed in connection herewith shall be invalid of unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected thereby.

如果根據(jù)現(xiàn)行法律，本合同及與此有關(guān)的已經(jīng)履行的文件 中有一項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)條款被視為無效或不能履行，本合同其余 條款的效力和履行將不因此受影響。

 

Thereafter: after that，afterwards.此后。 例句：The Contract for the contractual joint venture shall continue from a period of two years thereafter. 本合作經(jīng)營企業(yè)合同，此后應(yīng)持續(xù)有效兩年。 Therein: in that; in that particular context; in that respect.在那里；在那點(diǎn)上；在那方面。

 例句：The Leased Premises are deemed to be fit for occupation when the building therein is substantially completed.

當(dāng)在那里的建筑物實(shí)質(zhì)完成時(shí)，該租賃房屋才認(rèn) 為適合占有居住。

 

Therewith：with that.以此；此外。 例句：The Employer shall indemnify and save harmless the Contractor against and from all claims, proceedings, damages, costs, charges and expenses whatsoever arising there out or in connection therewith.

業(yè)主應(yīng)賠償所有索賠、訴訟、損害賠償、 支出、花費(fèi)、費(fèi)用，不論因本合同產(chǎn)生或 與其相關(guān)，并保證承包人免于承擔(dān)上述責(zé) 任。

 

Translation Practice 

1.       The investors do hereby form a joint venture pursuant to the laws of the State of New York in order for the Venture to carry on the purposes for which provisions are made herein.

2.       投資方特此依照紐約州法律設(shè)立合資公司， 以實(shí)現(xiàn)本合同規(guī)定的合資公司的經(jīng)營目的。

 

Translation Practice

No party shall have the right to withdraw his capital contributions or demand or receive the return of his capital contributions or any part thereof , except as otherwise provided in this Agreement.

除非本協(xié)議另有規(guī)定，合資方無權(quán)撤回全部或部 分出資，也無權(quán)要求或收取全部或部分出資。

 

英文合同中常見的用詞及句型（ 英文合同中常見的用詞及句型（Usual Wordings and Sentence Patterns） ）

英文合同中常見的用詞和句型有其相對固定的含 義和用法，不僅可以幫助準(zhǔn)確理解掌握合同條款 的含義，而且這些成熟的表達(dá)方式可以為提高、 完善草擬和翻譯合同所借鑒，達(dá)到事半功倍的效 果。

 

一、英文合同常用虛詞（Usual Function 英文合同常用虛詞（ Words） ）

1． Notwithstanding: in spite of, ． despite. 即使，盡管。 即使，盡管。

例1：Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.

即使有與本合同相悖的規(guī)定，保險(xiǎn)范圍和 責(zé)任限制應(yīng)以合同各方同意為準(zhǔn)。

 

例2：Notwithstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to extend the Expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of the conditions precedent referred to in Article 2.1 is not satisfied or waived on or before the Expiration Date, any such agreement or waiver to be in writing.

盡管有本合同第二條第二款規(guī)定，如上述 第二條第一款規(guī)定的先決條件在合同期滿 日之前既未實(shí)現(xiàn)又未放棄，合同各方亦可 根據(jù)具體情況，約定合理延長合同的期滿 日。

 

2． As ．

合同英語中as出現(xiàn)的頻率極高，而且用法靈活多 變。在某種意義上講，as使用的熟練程度可以衡 量合同英語的造詣。具體用法和含義見以下實(shí)例： As 放在代表規(guī)定的provide，stipulate，set forth， prescribe等詞的過去分詞前，含義為“依照某某 規(guī)定”。

 例1：For purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in Section 4.6 herein.

基于此，應(yīng)依照本合同第四條 第六款調(diào)整資金賬戶。

 

例2：based on their respective Venture interests as set forth in Section 5.2 hereof.

基于本合同第 五條第二款規(guī)定的各方在合資公司中的權(quán)益。ts. To indicate that one has a discretion to do that thing: The parties to this contract may assign the benefits under this contract To indicate a wish: The parties intend that the signature of this contract may signal the beginning of mutually beneficial cooperation between them.

 

Translation Practice

1.The investors do hereby form a joint venture pursuant to the laws of the State of New York in order for the Venture to carry on the purposes for which provisions are made herein.

投資方特此依照紐約州法律設(shè)立合資公司， 以實(shí)現(xiàn)本合同規(guī)定的合資公司的經(jīng)營目的。

 

Translation Practice

No party shall have the right to withdraw his capital contributions or demand or receive the return of his capital contributions or any part thereof , except as otherwise provided in this Agreement.

除非本協(xié)議另有規(guī)定，合資方無權(quán)撤回全部或部 分出資，也無權(quán)要求或收取全部或部分出資。

 

英文合同中常見的用詞及句型（ 英文合同中常見的用詞及句型（Usual Wordings and Sentence Patterns） ）

英文合同中常見的用詞和句型有其相對固定的含 義和用法，不僅可以幫助準(zhǔn)確理解掌握合同條款 的含義，而且這些成熟的表達(dá)方式可以為提高、 完善草擬和翻譯合同所借鑒，達(dá)到事半功倍的效 果。

 

一、英文合同常用虛詞（Usual Function Words） ）

1． Notwithstanding: in spite of, ． despite. 即使，盡管。 即使，盡管。

例1：Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.

即使有與本合同相悖的規(guī)定，保險(xiǎn)范圍和 責(zé)任限制應(yīng)以合同各方同意為準(zhǔn)。

 

例2：Notwithstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to extend the Expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of the conditions precedent referred to in Article 2.1 is not satisfied or waived on or before the Expiration Date, any such agreement or waiver to be in writing.

盡管有本合同第二條第二款規(guī)定，如上述 第二條第一款規(guī)定的先決條件在合同期滿 日之前既未實(shí)現(xiàn)又未放棄，合同各方亦可 根據(jù)具體情況，約定合理延長合同的期滿 日。

 

2． As

合同英語中as出現(xiàn)的頻率極高，而且用法靈活多 變。在某種意義上講，as使用的熟練程度可以衡 量合同英語的造詣。具體用法和含義見以下實(shí)例： As 放在代表規(guī)定的provide，stipulate，set forth， prescribe等詞的過去分詞前，含義為“依照某某 規(guī)定”。

 例1：For purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in Section 4.6 herein.

基于此，應(yīng)依照本合同第四條 第六款調(diào)整資金賬戶。

 

例2：based on their respective Venture interests as set forth in Section 5.2 hereof.

 基于本合同第 五條第二款規(guī)定的各方在合資公司中的權(quán)益。

 

ntract Price or any other terms of the Contract changes after the issuance of the Letter of Credit (or Letter of Guarantee) the Owner shall arrange for such Letter to be amended accordingly as soon as possible after any such changes.

如果在信用證（或保函）開出后， 如果在信用證（或保函）開出后，合同總 價(jià)或合同其他條款發(fā)生變化， 價(jià)或合同其他條款發(fā)生變化，業(yè)主應(yīng)盡快 安排對信用證（或保函）進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的修改。 安排對信用證（或保函）進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的修改。

 

如：Either party may at anytime replace the chairman, deputy chairman or director(s) it has appointed, provided that it gives written notice to the Joint Venture Company and the other party. 任何一方可隨時(shí)更換自己委派的董事長、 副董事長或董事，但必須書面通知合資公 司和合資的另一方。 需要注意的是，provided that通常語氣上有 轉(zhuǎn)折的含義，不宜翻譯為“假如，如果”， 譯為“但是”，則譯文過渡自然，符合漢 語表達(dá)的規(guī)范。

 

Should the seller make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Clause18 to this contract, the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Seller agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.

如果賣方并非因本合同第18條規(guī)定的不可抗力事 件而未按合同規(guī)定的期限交貨，那么，只要賣方 同意支付罰金，并由付款行從議付款中扣除，買 方便同意賣方延期交貨。 句中出現(xiàn)兩處條件從句，should引導(dǎo)的從句屬于非真實(shí)條件句，即虛擬語氣，表示該條件發(fā)生的 可能性很小，也就是說是當(dāng)事人不希望出現(xiàn)的不 利情況。

 

Notwithstanding the completion of the sale and purchase of the __ ordinary shares in the Company, the terms and conditions of this agreement shall remain in full force and effect as between the parties hereto in so far as the same are not fulfilled.

即使買賣公司股普通股已經(jīng)結(jié)束，只要該 行為尚未履行完畢，本協(xié)議條款對雙方仍 然完全有效。

 

In all cases where Licensee desires artwork involving articles which are the subject of this license to be executed, the cost of such artwork and the time for the production thereof shall be borne by Licensee.

如果被許可方需要的工藝品涉及本許可將 履行的標(biāo)的，則該工藝品的費(fèi)用和生產(chǎn)該 工藝品的時(shí)耗應(yīng)由被許可方承擔(dān)。

 

如：15% of the above contract price, e.g. US $ 21, 000. 00 shall be paid by Party A to Party B by M/T within 30 days after Party A has received from Party B the following technical documentations and documents and providing that they are in conformity with the contract.

甲方從乙方處收到以下技術(shù)資料和文件后 30天內(nèi)應(yīng)信匯乙方上述合同總價(jià)的百分之 十五，也就是兩萬一千美元，但該合同句子及用詞特征

技術(shù)資 料和文件應(yīng)符合本合同要求。

 

如：In case part of or all know-how of the above-mentioned technical contents have been published by Party B or Third Parties A obtains evidence of such publication, then Party A shall no longer be responsible for keeping secret and confidential the part already published.

如上述專有技術(shù)的一部分或全部已由第三 方公布，而甲方也掌握了已公布的證據(jù)， 則甲方不再承擔(dān)保密義務(wù)。

 

5. foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned, in question

Foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned一族， 一般放在名詞前作限定，意為“前述的” 一般放在名詞前作限定，意為“前述的” 上述的” 或“上述的”，為避免重復(fù)已經(jīng)提到的姓 名或名稱。 名或名稱。

 

例1：The Bank shall give prompt written or telex notice to the Borrower of the Interest Rate in effect from time to time in accordance with the foregoing sentence.

本銀行將根據(jù)前述的句子以書面或電傳形 式隨時(shí)及時(shí)通知借款方生效的利率。

 

例2：The contract shall be written in Chinese and in _____. Both language versions are equally authentic. In the event of any discrepancy between the two aforementioned versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.

本合同應(yīng)以中文和_文書就，具同等法律效 力。前述兩種文本如有歧異，以中文文本 為準(zhǔn)。

 

6. In question: under consideration; being talk about.通常表示“在考慮或討 通常表示“ 通常表示 論中的”某件事或某個(gè)問題，可譯為“ 論中的”某件事或某個(gè)問題，可譯為“這” 問題。 或“該”問題。

 例句：All prices to be paid by the Buyer under its obligations of the buyback/counter-purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question.

買方根據(jù)返銷或回購貨物合同的義務(wù)所支 付的價(jià)格應(yīng)為世界市場價(jià)格，結(jié)合考慮該 貨物的其他交貨條件。

 

7.according to, under, subject to, in accordance with, as per, as provided in, pursuant to, in compliance with 這一族都表示“依照，根據(jù)” 這一族都表示“依照，根據(jù)”合同的約定或者法 律的規(guī)定。其中尤以“ 最不正式， 律的規(guī)定。其中尤以“according to”最不正式， 最不正式 自然用的最少了， 自然用的最少了，而“in accordance with”最為 最為 常見。 常見。

例如：In case no settlement can be reached, the case may then be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic And Trade Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.

如未能達(dá)成和解，該案件可提交中國國際貿(mào)易仲 裁委員會根據(jù)該仲裁委員會頒布的仲裁程序暫行 規(guī)定進(jìn)行仲裁。

 

又如：A Photostat copy of the Acceptance Certificate of the Contract

Plant signed by the representatives of both parties as per Chapter 9 of the present Contract. 該合同設(shè)備的驗(yàn)收證書的影印副本由雙方 代表按照該合同第九章簽收。 再如：Both Parties shall each contribute their paid in capital in compliance with the items specified in the appendix to the Contract. 合同雙方應(yīng)按照本合同附件中載明的項(xiàng)目 進(jìn)行出資。

 

8. Including but not limited to與including, 與 without limitation以及 以及including by way of 以及illustration but not limitation 英文合同表達(dá)“包括但不限于” 英文合同表達(dá)“包括但不限于”時(shí)，就會用到這 幾個(gè)短語。 幾個(gè)短語。 例如：The time for the performance of the Seller's obligations set forth in this Contract shall be automatically extended for a period equal to the duration of any nonperformance arising directly or indirectly from Force Majeure events including but not limited to fire, flood, earthquake, typhoon, natural catastrophe, and all other contingencies and circumstances whatsoever beyond the Seller's reasonable control preventing, hindering or interfering with the performance thereof.

 

9. 時(shí)間、期間的表示中虛詞的使用 時(shí)間、

1.表示確定的某日期時(shí)，使用“on” A shall deliver the goods to B on July 30,2008. 2. 2.表示終了時(shí)間時(shí) 1）表示到“何月何日”時(shí)，一般用by ， before。 但使用before時(shí)，期間的終止日期在表示日 期的前一天；而使用by時(shí)，期間的終止日 期包括表示日期。

 

時(shí)間、期間的表示

但實(shí)際上為了時(shí)間、 但實(shí)際上為了時(shí)間、期間表示的更加明確 避免歧義， 避免歧義，一般會用多個(gè)詞的疊加使用以 求精確。 求精確。 常見以下幾種表達(dá)形式： 常見以下幾種表達(dá)形式：

 

 “till and including” A may have an option right to buy the goods till and including July 30,2008.

此時(shí)，如只使用 存在著是否包括July 此時(shí)，如只使用till ，存在著是否包括 30,在內(nèi)的問題，所以，為明確起見，使用 在內(nèi)的問題， 在內(nèi)的問題 所以，為明確起見， including表示包括在內(nèi)，若表示不包括， 表示包括在內(nèi)， 表示包括在內(nèi)若表示不包括， 則使用not including加以否定。 加以否定。 則使用 加以否定

 

2. “ on and after” ; “on or before”, “no later than”

On and after表示“從某日起”。 表示“ 表示 從某日起” 例如：Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20.

自9月2O日起，甲方已無權(quán)接受任何定單或 收據(jù)。

 

on or before, no(not) later than,表示“不 表示“ 表示 遲于” 遲于”， 例如：Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1. 我公司的條件是，3個(gè)月內(nèi)，即不得晚于5 月1日，支付現(xiàn)金。 例如：Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December. 本合同簽字之日一個(gè)月內(nèi)，即不遲于12月 15日，你方須將貨物裝船。

 

3. 表示期間的始終為避免歧義，不只用 表示期間的始終為避免歧義，不只用from – to，而用 ， 如: from January 1 to January 6,both days included或 in the period commencing with January 1 and ending with January 6.

 

4.此外，為限定時(shí)間更為明確，還常用 此外，為限定時(shí)間更為明確， 此外 inclusive、including和included，來限定 、 和 ， 含當(dāng)日在內(nèi)的時(shí)間。 含當(dāng)日在內(nèi)的時(shí)間。 例如： This credit expires till January1 (inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or:This credit expires till and including January1 for negotiation in Beijing.)本證在北京議付，有效期至1月1日。如果 不包括1月1日在內(nèi)，則為till and not including January 1。

 

10-15 days prior to the date of shipment, the Buyer shall inform the Seller by cable or telex of the contract number, name of vessel, ETA of vessel, quantity to be loaded and the name of shipping agent, so as to enable the Seller to contact the shipping agent direct and arrange the shipment of the goods.

裝運(yùn)前10天到15天，買方應(yīng)以電報(bào)或電傳方 式通知賣方合同編號、裝運(yùn)船名，預(yù)計(jì)到達(dá) 時(shí)間，裝載數(shù)量和承運(yùn)代理商名稱，以便能 使賣方直接聯(lián)系承運(yùn)代理商安排貨物裝運(yùn)。

 

10.Without prejudice to

Without prejudice to,常用于英文合同中， 表示在“不損害某規(guī)定/情況下”。 例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations. 不妨害買方索賠權(quán)，買方仍有權(quán)取消合同 的部分或全部。

 

11.Attributable to, due to, owing to, by virtue of, i n view of, because of, on account of，considering, in， consideration of 這一組短語出現(xiàn)在英文合同中都表示“因 為”，其中due to，owing to，because of 較不正式，很少使用。

 

二、英文合同常見實(shí)詞(Content Words)

1.Represent, warrant, undertake, guarantee

在英文合同中這幾個(gè)詞都表示“保證”的含義。 Represent 往往和warrant連用，出現(xiàn)在合同的聲 明保證部分：例如：Both the Seller and the Purchaser warrant and represent that no broker was involved in negotiating this purchase and sale, and both the Seller and the Purchaser agree to indemnify and hold each other harmless against any and all claims for brokerage.

買賣雙方保證并聲明沒有中介介入交易磋商，且 保證賠償對方因中介引起的索賠并使其免受損害。

 

例如：Under FOB terms, the Seller shall undertake to load the contracted goods on board the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer, within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract.

根據(jù)離岸價(jià)格術(shù)語，賣方應(yīng)保證根據(jù)在本合同第八條規(guī)定 的時(shí)限內(nèi)，按買方通知的日期，裝運(yùn)貨物至買方指定船只。 例如：Party B guarantees that the machines and

 

equipment are unused, sophisticated and of best quality, and that the machines and equipment are capable of manufacturing the steel wire rope.

乙方保證機(jī)器設(shè)備未經(jīng)使用，性能良好、品質(zhì)卓越而且該 設(shè)備能生產(chǎn)出鋼絲繩。

 

2. have the right to do, be entitled to, may do, reserve the right to do, be (duly) authorized to do, have the authority to do, do sth at one’s option or/and discretion, be liberty to do 這一組短語是都表示“有權(quán)做” 這一組短語是都表示“有權(quán)做”。

 

Be entitled to表示to give sb. the right to sth體現(xiàn)該權(quán)利法律上的強(qiáng)制性。 Reserve the right to do表示to have a specified power of right in law體現(xiàn)法律 上規(guī)定的權(quán)利。 而be authorized to do, have the authority to do指經(jīng)授權(quán)而有的權(quán)利， 至于do sth. at one’s option or/and discretion則指行為人自主決定的權(quán)利。

 

例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.

盡管如此，買方有權(quán)撤消合同的全部或部分， 概不妨礙買方索賠權(quán)之行使。

 

例如：Party C or New Company shall, at its sole option and discretion, be entitled to transfer to Party B all or part of Party C or New Company's proprietary rights and ownership of the infrastructure project, under construction or after Completion Date, as liq uidated damages, in lieu of computing and compensating the actual damages provided that such transfer shall be conducted of Party C's own free will or rendered in the arbitration award as stipulated in clause 23.

在上述第十四條第一款規(guī)定的情形下，丙方或新公司自行選 擇決斷有權(quán)向乙方轉(zhuǎn)讓丙方或新公司的所有權(quán)及在建或竣工 后基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的所有權(quán)的全部或部分作為約定的固定數(shù)額的違 約金來替代計(jì)算賠償實(shí)際損害，但該轉(zhuǎn)讓應(yīng)為丙方自己自愿 實(shí)施的行為或根據(jù)二十三條的規(guī)定基于仲裁裁決的處分

 

The supervision personnel appointed by Party A and its representative shall have the authority to supervise the progress of work and give instruction.

甲方任命的監(jiān)管人員及其代表應(yīng)有權(quán)監(jiān)督 工程進(jìn)度并發(fā)出指令。

 

The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses sustained, if any.

買方須于銷售確認(rèn)書第三條所規(guī)定的日期之前開出本批交 易的信用證。否則，售方有權(quán)不經(jīng)通知取消本確認(rèn)書，或 接受買方對本銷售確認(rèn)書未履行的全部或一部分，或?qū)σ?nbsp;此遭受的損失提出索賠。

 

have the legal obligation to do, be obliged/obligated to, shall do, be under the obligation to do, be liable/responsible to do, be liable/responsible for, 在英文合同中這一組短語都表達(dá)“有責(zé)任、 有義務(wù)”。

 

例1：The Company has no legal obligation, absolute or contingent, to any other Person to sell any material portion of the assets of the Company, to sell any material portion of the capital stock or other ownership interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or to effect any merger, consolidation or other reorganization of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or to enter into any agreement with respect thereto.

本公司沒有完全或隨附的任何法律義務(wù)向任何他人出售 公司資產(chǎn)的任何重要部分，出售股本的任何重要部分或本公 司或其任一子公司的其他所有權(quán)權(quán)益，或?qū)崿F(xiàn)本公司或任一 子公司的并購、合并或其他的重組或簽訂有關(guān)以上事項(xiàng)的協(xié) 議。

 

例2：RCII is not under any legal obligation, whether written or oral, to do any of the foregoing.

RCII公司沒有任何書面或口頭上的法律義務(wù)來做以上的任 何一項(xiàng)。

 

例3：In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo (es), the Seller is obliged/obligated to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package. 在危險(xiǎn)或有毒貨物的情況下，賣方有義務(wù)照管確 保其屬性安全且應(yīng)在每一包裝上標(biāo)注通常采用的 標(biāo)識。

 

合同句子及用詞特征

Within the time as notified by the Buyer, after its arrival at the port of shipment the Seller shall be fully liable to the Buyer and responsible for all losses and expenses such as dead freight, demurrage.

在買方通知的時(shí)限內(nèi)，抵達(dá)裝運(yùn)港后，賣方應(yīng)對買方 承擔(dān)全部責(zé)任并對諸如空倉費(fèi)、延滯費(fèi)等所有損失和費(fèi)用負(fù)責(zé)。

 

The Seller shall not be held liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Contract in consequence of any Force Majeure incidents.

賣方對因任何不可抗力事件導(dǎo)致本買賣合同項(xiàng)下整批 或部分貨物未能交付或延誤概不承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

 

4.effect 在基礎(chǔ)英語中，effect一般作名詞，指效果、 影響， 英文合同中如：come into effect表示生效， sth. in effect表示生效的法律文件。 除了這些基本用法外，effect還常用作動(dòng)詞 表示“實(shí)現(xiàn)”、“完成”的意思。

 

This contract shall come into effect on the date when it is signed by both parties. 本合同從雙方簽字之日起生效。 The Buyer shall accept the bill of exchange immediately upon the first presentation of the bill of exchange and the required documents and shall effect the payment on the maturity date of the bill of exchange.

匯票一經(jīng)承兌交單，買方應(yīng)在匯票到期時(shí)完 成支付。

 

5.Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original

在英文合同中，Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original 都用作表示合同一式幾份。 Counterpart, copy和duplicate指副本，而original指 的是正本， 而且duplicate就有雙重雙份的意思，也常見in duplicate的用法，與此類似的還有in triplicate（一 式三份）, in quadruplicate（一式四份），in quintuplicate（一式五份），in sextuplicate （一式 六份），in septuplicate（一式七份），in octuplicate （一式八份），in nonuplicate （一式九 份），in decuplicate （一式十份）等等。

 

例如：This Agreement may be executed simultaneously in two or more counterparts. Each counterpart shall be deemed an original, and all of the counterparts together shall constitute but one and the same instrument.

本協(xié)議文本可同時(shí)簽署兩份或多份副本。 每一副本應(yīng)視為一份原件，所有副本一起 應(yīng)構(gòu)成唯一同一文件。