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2016 國際熱點(diǎn)時(shí)政簡(jiǎn)介及重點(diǎn)詞匯之二
	發(fā)起人：eging4　　回復(fù)數(shù)：1　　瀏覽數(shù)：7253　　最后更新：2022/9/28 6:34:20 by nihaota

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2016/12/21 16:30:20

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2016 國際熱點(diǎn)時(shí)政簡(jiǎn)介及重點(diǎn)詞匯之二

3. 美國大選

2016年美利堅(jiān)合眾國總統(tǒng)選舉將于2016年11月8日星期二舉行，此次是美國第58屆總統(tǒng)選舉。此次大選被稱為是幾十年來最精彩的一屆美國大選，F(xiàn)BI重啟“郵件門”讓特朗普的支持率暫時(shí)反超希拉里1個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。

“郵件門”是指希拉里在擔(dān)任美國國務(wù)卿期間用私人電子郵件服務(wù)器進(jìn)行官方通信，這些官方通信中甚至包括上千封后來被由國務(wù)院歸類為國家機(jī)密的電子郵件。2014年12月，30,000封被視為與工作有關(guān)的郵件由希拉里的律師遞交美國國務(wù)院審查。2016年10月28日，美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局宣布重啟對(duì)希拉里“郵件門”事件的調(diào)查，隨后民調(diào)顯示希拉里的支持率暴跌，領(lǐng)先優(yōu)勢(shì)從12%跌至1%。激戰(zhàn)多日的美國大選終于迎來最后一周，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日趨白熱化。

希拉里和特朗普分別于2015年4月份和6月份宣布參加2016年總統(tǒng)大選，并于2015年7月分別獲得民主黨總統(tǒng)候選人提名和共和黨總統(tǒng)候選人提名。2016年9月26日，美國兩大黨總統(tǒng)候選人在紐約舉行首場(chǎng)電視辯論，他們面對(duì)面地互相抨擊對(duì)方。10月10日，美國總統(tǒng)大選第二場(chǎng)辯論在密蘇里州圣路易斯的華盛頓大學(xué)舉行，由于之前的一系列互相指責(zé)，一開始?xì)夥站惋@得頗為緊張，兩位候選人見面沒有禮貌性地握手，各大媒體都已經(jīng)把這場(chǎng)辯論評(píng)為了近幾年美國總統(tǒng)選舉中“最骯臟”的候選人電視辯論。

選民稱自己為不情愿的投票者，因?yàn)閷?duì)兩候選人都不喜歡。有調(diào)查顯示，美國總統(tǒng)大選太負(fù)面導(dǎo)致選民焦慮如9.11恐襲。

The United States presidential election of 2016, scheduled for Tuesday, November 8, 2016, will be the 58th quadrennial U.S. presidential election.

Voters will select presidential electors, who in turn will vote for a new president and vice president through the Electoral College. The term limit established in the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution prevents the incumbent president, Barack Obama of the Democratic Party, from being elected to a third term. The 2016 election will determine the 45th President and 48th Vice President of the United States.

The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses took place between February and June 2016, staggered among the 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories. This nominating process was also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating convention, who in turn elect their party's presidential nominee.

Businessman and reality television personality Donald Trump became the Republican Party's presidential nominee on July 19, 2016, after defeating U.S. Senator Ted Cruz of Texas, Governor of Ohio John Kasich, U.S. Senator Marco Rubio of Florida and other candidates in the Republican primary elections. If elected, Trump will become the oldest president to take office. Former Secretary of State and U.S. Senator from New York Hillary Clinton became the Democratic Party's presidential nominee on July 26, 2016, after defeating U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont. If elected, she would be the first female president.

The 2016 United States presidential election debates were a series of debates held for the 2016 U.S. presidential general election. The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD), a bipartisan organization formed in 1987, organized three debates among the major presidential candidates. The first presidential debate for the 2016 election took place on September 26, 2016, and set the record as the most-watched debate in American history, with 84 million viewers. The only vice-presidential debate was held on October 4. The second presidential debate took place on October 9, and the final debate took place on October 19. All CPD debates occurred from approximately 9 p.m. to 10:30 p.m. EDT (6 p.m. to 7:30 p.m. PDT).

Only the Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and the Republican nominee Donald Trump met the criteria for inclusion in the debates, and thus were the only two to appear in the debates. Hillary Clinton was considered to have won all three presidential debates by scientific opinion polls of likely voters.

However, recently Hillary Clinton has faced a steady drip of revelations about her use of a private email server while secretary of state, which is called “email controversy”. Just eleven days before the election, the news has broken that the FBI is reopening its investigation since it was first revealed in the winter of 2015. In March 2015 it became publicly known that Hillary Clinton, during her tenure as United States Secretary of State, had exclusively used her family's private email server for official communications, rather than official State Department email accounts maintained on federal servers. Those official communications included thousands of emails that would later be marked classified by the State Department retroactively.

It could be nothing. It could be everything. And it almost certainly won't be resolved before Americans head to the polls but it will energise her enemies and put her allies on the defensive.

詞匯：

presidential election 總統(tǒng)大選
quadrennial 四年一次
the Electoral College 選舉團(tuán)
Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution美國憲法第22修正案
nominating process 提名過程
cast ballots for 選舉投票
Republican Party's presidential nominee 民主黨總統(tǒng)候選人
Former Secretary of State and U.S. Senator 前國務(wù)卿和參議員
Democratic Party's presidential nominee 共和黨總統(tǒng)候選人
email controversy 郵件門
energise her enemies and put her allies on the defensive 親者痛仇者快

4. AlphaGo

阿爾法圍棋（AlphaGo）是一款圍棋人工智能程序，由谷歌（Google）旗下DeepMind公司的戴密斯?哈薩比斯、大衛(wèi)?席爾瓦、黃士杰和與他們的團(tuán)隊(duì)開發(fā)。其主要工作原理是“深度學(xué)習(xí)”。這個(gè)程序在2016年3月與圍棋世界冠軍、職業(yè)九段選手李世石進(jìn)行人機(jī)大戰(zhàn)，并以4:1的總比分獲勝。不少職業(yè)圍棋手認(rèn)為，阿爾法圍棋的棋力已經(jīng)達(dá)到甚至超過圍棋職業(yè)九段水平，在世界職業(yè)圍棋排名中，其等級(jí)分曾經(jīng)超過排名人類第一的棋手柯潔。

AlphaGo is a computer program developed by Google DeepMind in London to play the board game Go. In October 2015, it became the first Computer Go program to beat a professional human Go player without handicaps on a full-sized 19×19 board. In March 2016, it beat Lee Sedol in a five-game match, the first time a computer Go program has beaten a 9-dan professional without handicaps. Although it lost to Lee Sedol in the fourth game, Lee resigned the final game, giving a final score of 4 games to 1 in favour of AlphaGo. In recognition of beating Lee Sedol, AlphaGo was awarded an honorary 9-dan by the Korea Baduk Association.

AlphaGo's algorithm uses a Monte Carlo tree search to find its moves based on knowledge previously "learned" by machine learning, specifically by an artificial neural network (a deep learning method) by extensive training, both from human and computer play.

詞匯：

board game 棋盤游戲
Go 圍棋
9-dan professional 職業(yè)九段選手
Monte Carlo 特—卡洛法的，統(tǒng)計(jì)試驗(yàn)法的
artificial neural network 人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)
a deep learning method 深度學(xué)習(xí)

［eging4 于 2016-12-21 16:34:09 編輯過］ 1111

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