- 001-汽車技術行業(yè)語料
- 002-機械加工行業(yè)語料
- 003-金融財經(jīng)行業(yè)語料
- 004-通訊技術行業(yè)語料
- 005-化工技術行業(yè)語料
- 006-石油鉆井行業(yè)語料
- 007-建筑工程行業(yè)語料
- 008-生物工程行業(yè)語料
- 009-環(huán)境工程行業(yè)語料
- 010-航空航天行業(yè)語料
- 011-醫(yī)療器械行業(yè)語料
- 012-煤炭能源行業(yè)語料
- 013-服飾服裝行業(yè)語料
- 014-品牌廣告行業(yè)語料
- 015-商業(yè)營銷行業(yè)語料
- 016-旅行旅游行業(yè)語料
- 017-高新科技行業(yè)語料
- 018-電子產(chǎn)品行業(yè)語料
- 019-食品飲料行業(yè)語料
- 020-個人護理相關語料
- 021-企業(yè)管理相關語料
- 022-房地產(chǎn)商行業(yè)語料
- 023-移動通訊行業(yè)語料
- 024-銀行業(yè)務行業(yè)語料
- 025-法律相關行業(yè)語料
- 026-財務會計相關語料
- 027-醫(yī)學醫(yī)療行業(yè)語料
- 028-計算機的行業(yè)語料
- 029-化學醫(yī)藥行業(yè)語料
- 030-合同協(xié)議常用語料
- 031-媒體相關行業(yè)語料
- 032-軟件技術行業(yè)語料
- 033-檢驗檢測行業(yè)語料
- 034-貿(mào)易運輸行業(yè)語料
- 035-國際經(jīng)濟行業(yè)語料
- 036-紡織產(chǎn)品行業(yè)語料
- 037-物流專業(yè)行業(yè)語料
- 038-平面設計行業(yè)語料
- 039-法語水電承包語料
- 040-法語承包工程語料
- 041-春節(jié)的特輯語料庫
- 042-醫(yī)學詞匯日語語料
- 043-石油管路俄語語料
- 044-電機專業(yè)行業(yè)語料
- 045-工業(yè)貿(mào)易行業(yè)語料
- 046-建筑工程法語語料
- 047-核電工程行業(yè)語料
- 048-工廠專業(yè)日語語料
- 049-疏浚工程行業(yè)語料
- 050-環(huán)境英語行業(yè)語料
- 051-地鐵常用詞典語料
- 052-常用公告詞典語料
- 英文專業(yè)翻譯
- 法語母語翻譯
- 德語母語翻譯
- 西班牙母語翻譯
- 意大利母語翻譯
- 拉丁語專業(yè)翻譯
- 葡萄牙母語翻譯
- 丹麥母語翻譯
- 波蘭母語翻譯
- 希臘母語翻譯
- 芬蘭母語翻譯
- 匈牙利母語翻譯
- 俄語母語翻譯
- 克羅地亞翻譯
- 阿爾巴尼亞翻譯
- 挪威母語翻譯
- 荷蘭母語翻譯
- 保加利亞翻譯
上海翻譯公司|上海醫(yī)學藥品行業(yè)翻譯公司|上海譯境翻譯公司|藥品說明書英譯中短語在線查詢
中藥材GAP是Good Agricultural Practice的縮寫,直譯為"良好的農(nóng)業(yè)規(guī)范",GAP是中藥材生產(chǎn)質量規(guī)范的簡稱.
GMP是"Good Manufacture Practice"的縮寫,中文即藥品生產(chǎn)質量管理規(guī)范,是國際通用的藥品生產(chǎn)質量管理標準。美國食品和藥物管理局(簡稱FDA)率先頒布了GMP,為規(guī)范制藥開創(chuàng)了先河.
藥品說明書舊稱description,instruction,direction.今稱insert,package insert
美國FDA規(guī)定其應包括十項。
一.drug names(藥物名稱)
1.通常每種藥物有三個名字
(1)proprietary name(商品名稱)
(2)popular name(俗名)
(3)chemical name(化學名)
2.說明書標題多用商品名
其右上角標有R者,表示registered trademark(注冊商標)
二.description(性狀) (常用description,introduction,composition)
包括藥品的chemical structure(化學結構)、chemical composition(化學成分)、physical and chemical properties(物理和化學性質)
三.clinical pharmacology(臨床藥理學)
常用的還有:
clinical data(臨床數(shù)據(jù))、clinical experience(臨床經(jīng)驗)、clinical use(臨床應用)、clinical observation(臨床觀察)、clinical effect(臨床療效)、clinical discussion(臨床討論)、mode of mechanism of action(臨床機理及途徑)、pharmacological actions(藥理作用)、therapeutical actions(治療作用)、bacteriology(細菌學)、microbiology(微生物學)、physiology(生理學)、toxicology(毒理學)
四.indications and usage(適應癥和用法)
常用標題:indications,major indications,clinical indications,principal indications,condications,uses,treatment
五.contraindications(禁忌癥)
1.常用標題
contraindications,restriction on use(限制使用)
2.常用詞(組)
pregnant women孕婦
women of childbeating age育齡婦女
be hypersensitive to 對......過敏者
allergic reaction變態(tài)反應
lactation,early infancy乳期
heart,cardiac,myocardial心臟,心臟的,心肌的
kidney,renal腎,腎臟的
liver,hepatic肝,肝臟的
insufficiency,impairment機能不全
damage,danger,failure損傷,危險,衰弱
六.precautions(注意事項)
常用標題:causions,remark,note,notice,attention,awakening, N.B.
七.warnings(警告)
常用標題:additional warnings(告戒事項)
八.adverse reactions(不良反應)
常用標題:
side reaction(副反應)、untoward reaction(不良反應)、toxicity reaction(毒性反應)、anaphylactic reaction(過敏反應)、
side effects,by-effects,after effects,undesirable effects(副作用)、
double infection(雙重感染)
九.overdosage(用藥過量)
常用標題:
treatment of overdosage(用藥過量的治療)
十.dosage and administration(劑量用法)
1.常用標題:
administration procedure,method for administration,method of use,direction for use,how to use,recommendation,reconstitution(用法)
posology,dosage(劑量)
application and dosage,usage and dosage(用法與劑量)
clinical application(臨床應用)
2.mode of administration(給藥方式)
intramuscularly肌肉注射
intragluteally臀肌注射
intraarterially動脈注射
intravenously靜脈注射
intrathecally鞘內(nèi)注射
intracerebeospinally腦脊髓腔注射
orally口服
parentarally腸道外給藥
locally局部給藥
subconjunctivally結膜下給藥
sublingually舌下給藥
submucously黏膜下給藥
現(xiàn)各大藥廠的說明書,項目遠遠超過十項,如:
1.animal pharmacology and animal toxicology(動物藥理學和動物毒理學)
2.absorption and excretion(吸收和排泄)
3.tolerance(耐受性)
4.drug interactions(藥物相互作用)
5.storage and duration of efficacy(貯藏與失效期)
6.packages(包裝)
7.advantages(優(yōu)點)
8.references(參考文獻)
9.further information(補充說明)
10.manufacturer(生產(chǎn)者)
英文藥品說明書的翻譯(1)
人吃五谷雜糧沒有不生病的?,F(xiàn)在的醫(yī)生都喜歡開進口藥。進口藥好些都是簡短的中文說明之后便是大段的英文說明。準確翻譯英文藥品說明書的關鍵詞和關鍵句是性命攸關的大事情,它可以幫助患者更好地了解進口藥的性能、用法和注意事項。以下簡要介紹英文藥品說明書中的一些關鍵點。
1 藥物名稱
常見的名稱有下列幾種情況:
(1) 給出藥物商品名,并在括號內(nèi)給出正名,下附包裝形式。如:
Benemicin 利福平 (Rifampicin) (利福霉素) Capsules 膠囊
(2) 給出藥名,在右上方用小字標明“藥用”,如:
For the Medical Profession 藥用
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulphate B.P 硫酸雙氧氫鏈霉素 英國藥典
(3) 不僅給出藥物商品名,在右上方標明“藥用”,還給出正名:
For the Medical Profession 藥用
Aerosporin Brand 嗜氣芽胞菌素 商標
Polymyxin B sulphate 硫酸多粘菌素
(4) 給出藥名,說明類別及用法,有時并附另名:
Kanendomycin 卡南多霉素
A new broad-spectrum antibiotic 新廣譜抗生素
For injection 注射用
Fungizone Intravenous 豐吉中靜脈內(nèi)用
Amphotericin B For Injection U.S.P 二性霉素B注射用美國藥典
2 藥物成分介紹
此項常用標題為Composition(成份),Introduction(介紹)或Description(說明)。有的開門見山就介紹藥物的potency(療效)或Pharmacology(藥理學),有的則詳細介紹Physical and chemical properties(物理和化學性質),有的標題則僅列出properties(性能)。本項常用句型有:
It is active against... 本品對......有效
It is relatively insensitive to... 本品對......不太敏感
It is (an antifungal antibiotic) derived from...本品系衍生于......的(抗真菌抗菌素)
3 適應癥
此項常用標題為Indication(適應癥),或者Indications and Posology(適應癥和劑量)。常用句型是:
It is (a radiopaque) used chiefly in (bronchography). 本品(不透X線)主要用于(支氣管造影)。
It is used in the treatment of... 本品適用于治療......
In therapeutic doses (hydergine) exerts an effect on...使用治療劑量時,(氫化麥角堿)對治療......有效
(Pseudomonas organisms) are resistant to...(假單胞菌)對......有抗藥性
4 用法指示
此項常見的標題有:Administration(用法),Dosage(劑量),Application and Dosage(用法和劑量),General dosage and administration(一般劑量和用法)。有的則用Administration and Dosage(用法和劑量)或Administration under medical advice(按醫(yī)囑用藥)。在此項下,有的說明書更進一步細分為Standard dosage(標準劑量)和High dosage(大劑量)。
本項常用句型有:
For intramuscular use, (Pyopen) should be given every 6 hours. 肌肉內(nèi)注射用藥,(羧芐青霉素)應六小時用藥一次。
For the treatment of (acute leukaemia) adults may be given 0.05mg-0.10mg per kg body weight daily.治療(急性白血?。r,成人劑量為每日每公斤體重0.05毫克-0.10毫克。
2 to4 gmfor adults and 40-80 mg/1kgbody weight for children in 2 to 4 divided doeses by intramuscular, intravenous injection or intravenous drip infusion.成人每日2-4克,兒童每日每公斤體重40至80毫克,分2-4次用,肌肉或靜脈注射或靜脈點滴。
Up to twice a day 1,000 mcg, depending on acuteness of the disease.根據(jù)病情的急性程度,劑量可達1,000微克,每日兩次。
As a rule, oral medication is sufficient, 1 or 2 tablets being given 3 times daily preferably after meals. In severe cases, Regitine should be administered parenterally, i.e. 10 mg. i.m., possibly i.v., once or twice daily. 通??诜纯桑咳杖?,一次一至兩片,最好飯后服用。對嚴重病例,酚妥拉明應胃腸道外用,每日一至兩次,每次10毫克,肌肉注射,亦可靜脈注射。
5 禁忌癥
此項標題大多為Contraindication(禁忌癥),也有使用Warning(注意事項)。常見句型有:
The drug should not be administered to patients with (Known hypersensitivity to penicillin). 本品不宜用于(已知對青霉素敏感的)病人。
The presence of granulocytopenia or thrombocytopenia at the start of treatment does not contraindicate Vincristin therapy. In such instances great caution is warranted.治療開始時出現(xiàn)粒細胞減少或血小板減少,并不禁忌用長春新堿治療。但對這樣病例,(用藥時)必須特別小心。
6 副作用
此項標題多為Side effects(副作用),也有的說明書把Warning(注意事項)和Side effects并為一項。常見句型有:
Store at room temperature, use before the expiry date indicated on the label.于室溫下保存,在標題上所注的過期日期以前使用。
(Benemicin capsules) should be kept in a cool and dry place.(利福平膠囊)應置涼爽、干燥處保存。
(Vincristin) should be protected from light and stored in a refrigerator.(長春新堿)應避光,并置于冰箱中。
7 包裝
此項標題多用Package,Packages或Packing(包裝),也有用Mode of Issue(出廠包裝),How supplied(供貨方式),Presentation(包裝方式)及Supply(供貨方式)。
英文藥品說明書的翻譯(2)
一、藥品英文說明書的結構簡介
“藥品說明書”的英文表達方式有Instructions,Directions,Description 現(xiàn)在多用Package Insert,或簡稱 Insert,也有用Leaflet或Data Sheets.Insert原意為“插入物,插頁”。藥品說明書即為附在每種藥品包裝盒中的一份用藥說明。經(jīng)過注冊的進口藥品一般是國家承認的有效藥物,其說明書是指導醫(yī)生與患者合理用藥的重要依據(jù),具有一定的法律效力。
進口藥的英文說明書隨藥品來源的不同,有以英語為母語的國家,也有以英語為外語的國家。說明書繁簡難易不同。短者僅百余詞,長者可達上萬詞。較簡單的悅明書僅介紹成分、適應癥、禁忌癥、用法與用量等內(nèi)容;較詳盡的說明書中除上述內(nèi)容外還包括:藥品性狀、藥理作用、臨床藥理、臨床前動物試驗、臨床經(jīng)驗、藥代動力學、莊意事項、不良反應或副作用、用藥過量、藥物的相互作用、警告、有效期、包裝、貯存條件、患者須知及參考文獻等諸多項目。
為了順利閱讀和正確翻譯進口藥英文說明書,讀者除應具備較好的英語基礎,掌握一定的專業(yè)知識(如醫(yī)學、化學、藥劑學、藥理學、藥物代謝動力學等)外,還應熟悉英文藥品說明書的結構及語言待點等。大多數(shù)英文說明書都包括以下內(nèi)容;①藥品名稱(Drug NameS),②性狀(Descriiption),③藥理作用(Pharmacological Actions),④適應癥(Indications),⑤禁忌證(Contraindications),⑥用量與用法(DOsage and Administration).⑦不良反應(Adverse Reactions)。⑧注意事項(Precautions),⑨包裝(Package),⑩貯存(Storage),⑾其他項目(Others)。
現(xiàn)將各項專題的表述方法與翻譯、結構特點、常用詞語及閱讀技巧等分述如下。
二、藥品名稱
英文藥品說明書中常見的藥品名稱有商品名( Trade Name或 Proprietary Name),通用名( Generic Name)和化學名(Chemical Name),其中最常見的是商品名。例如,日本田邊有限公司生產(chǎn)的熊去氧膽酸片,其商品名為 Ursosan(Tablets):通用名為 Ursodesoxycholic Acid(熊去氧膽酸);化學名為3a,7p dihydroxy-5p-Cholanoic acid(3a,7p二羥基5p膽烷酸)。有時同一種藥品,不同的廠家使用不同的商品名稱。
藥品說明書中的標題藥名用其商品名。有時在其右上角(或在上角)有一(R)標記,例如ADRIBLASTNA(R)(阿霉素),TEGRETOL(痛痙寧)?!癛”是Register(注冊)的縮寫,(R)表示該產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)本國的有關部門核準.取得了此項專用的注冊商標(Registered Trade Mark)。有時在商品名之下(或后)又列有通用名或化學名.例如: Rulide(羅力得)之下列有(Roxithromycin,羅紅霉素): Minipress(脈寧平)之后列有(Praxosin HCI,鹽酸哌唑嗪); Nitro-Dur(護心貼片〕之下又列有( Nitroglycerin,硝酸甘油)。
藥品名稱的翻譯可采用音譯、意譯、音意合譯及諧音譯意等方法。
1、音譯:按英文藥品名歌的讀音譯成相同或相近的漢語。如:Tamoxitn它莫西芬,Ritalin利他林,Am-acin 阿米卡星。音譯較為方便,但不能表意。
2、意譯:按藥品名稱所表達的含意譯成相應的漢語。例如:cholic Acid 膽酸,Tetracyline四環(huán)素;也可其藥理作用翻譯.如:Minidiab滅糖尿(治療糖尿病藥物),Natulan療治癌(細胞生長抑制劑),Uraly消石素(治療尿路結石藥物)等。
3、音意合譯:藥品名稱中的一部分采用音譯,另一部分采用意譯.例如:Coumadin香豆定(coumarin香豆素),Neo-Octin新握克?。╪eo-新);Medemycin麥迪霉素(-mycin 霉素),Cathinone卡西酮(-one酮)。
4、諧音譯意:以音譯為原則,選用諧音的漢字,既表音,又表意,音意結合。例如:Antrenyl安胄靈,Doriden多睡丹,Legalon利肝隆,Webilin胃必靈.商品名稱可以這樣翻洋,而法定名稱則規(guī)定不可以這樣翻譯。
藥品的化學名稱反映出該藥品的化學結構組成成分,可借助英漢化學化工詞典進行翻譯。如果名稱很長,可以分解開來,分別查出各個組成部分的名稱,組合而成。例如:Catalin(卡他林)的化學名稱是1-Hvdroxy- 5-oxo-5H-pyrido(3,2-a)-Phenoxazine-3-carboxylic acid,譯成漢語是1-羥基-5-氧-5H-吡啶開(3,2-a)吩 嗪-3-羧酸。如能掌握一些常用的酸、堿、鹽、基因、化合物的英文名稱,以及常用的前綴、后綴等,翻譯時會順利得多。例如:chloride氯化物,sulfate(sulphate)硫酸鹽,acetyl一乙?;琣mino氨基,di-二,dihydro-二氫。nitro-硝基,-ester酯,-lactone內(nèi)酯,-one酮、-oxide氧化物,-urea脲等等.
為了統(tǒng)一藥品名稱的譯名,衛(wèi)生部藥典委員會已擬定出原料藥和輔料命名原則,并刊行了<藥名詞匯>一書,可供翻譯英文藥品名稱時參考。
第二節(jié) 性狀
許多藥品說明書的第一項是Descriiption(性狀),其原意是“敘述”、“描寫”,在藥品說明書及藥典中一般都譯為“性狀”,其內(nèi)容主要是介紹外觀、理化性質、組成成分、結構、特征等。這一項最常用的標題是Descriiption,此外還可能有其他的表示法,如:
Chemical Structure 化學結構
Composition 成分
Physical and Chemical Properties 理化性質
這一項中的英語詞匯除一部分化學專業(yè)詞匯外,多為常用詞,借助英漢化學化工詞典及英漢詞典即可通讀。
一、本項中常見的句型
例1.Folic acid is a yellowish to orange, crystalline powder; odourless or almost odourless.
葉酸是淡黃色至橙色結晶粉沫,無臭或幾乎無臭。
例2.Intralipos 10% is a white opaque fat emulsion for intravenous injection, containing 10 W/V % of purified soybean oil.
脂肪乳劑(10%)是白色,不透明,供靜脈注射用的脂肪乳劑,含有10%(W/V)的精制大豆油。
例3.Ursosan Tablet 50mg is a white plain tablet which contains 50mg of ursodesoxycholic acid.
熊去氧膽酸片為白色素片,每片含50mg熊去氧膽酸。
例4.Sterile pyrogen-free, orange red, freeze-dried powder in vials containing 10mg and 50mg of doxorubicin hydrochloride with lactose.
(本品)為小瓶裝,滅菌無熱原,桔紅色凍干粉沫,每小瓶含有10mg或50mg阿霉素鹽酸鹽與乳糖。
例5.It occurs as a white to off-white, crystalline solid, poorly soluble in water, dilute acid and most organic solvents.
本品(炎痛息康)為白色至類白色結晶固體,難溶于水、稀酸及大多數(shù)有機溶劑中。
例6.Pamine, chemically known as epoxytropine tropate methyl bromide, has the empirical formula C18H24NO4Br and the molecular weight 398.3.
哌明的化學名稱為環(huán)氧莨菪堿托品酸酯溴代甲烷,實驗式為C18H24NO4Br,分子量為398.3.
例7.Kanendomycin is a very stable antibiotic, and its activity does not decrease when the powder is placed in an airlight container and kept at room temperatures for more than 2 years.
卡內(nèi)多霉素是一種很穩(wěn)定的抗生素,其粉沫置于密封容器中,在室溫下保存二年以上,活性不減。
例8.This product is prepared from units of human plasma which have been tested and found nonreactive for hepatitis associated (Australia) antigen.
本品由人血漿制備,此血漿業(yè)經(jīng)檢驗,并且證明對肝炎(澳大利亞)抗原無反應。
二、本項中常用的詞語
1、表示組成、制備的詞及短語,如:
be derived from 由……衍生
consist of 由……組成
be obtained 制得
contain 含有
be prepared from 由……制備
have (possess) 有(具有)
2、表示性質的一些詞類,如:
colo(u)r 顏色
stable 穩(wěn)定的
taste 味道
molecular formular 分子式
odo(u)rless 無臭的
molecular weight 分子量
crystalline 結晶的
structure 結構
solubility 溶解度
injection 注射劑
insoluble 不溶的
solution 溶液
odo(u)r 氣味
tablets 片劑
colo(u)rless 無色的
derivative 衍生物
tasteless 無味的
liquid 液體
sterile 無菌的
powder 粉沫
soluble 可溶的
solid 固體
第三節(jié) 藥理作用
有些說明書較詳細地介紹藥品的藥理作用(Pharmacological Actions)。其內(nèi)容主要包括藥理作用、臨床藥理(Clinical Pharmacology)、體外試驗(in vitro experiments)、藥物代謝(Metabolism)、藥效(Potency)及毒性(Toxicity)等。這一項常用的標題是:
Pharmacological Action 藥理作用
Pharmacological Properties 藥理性質
Pharmacology 藥理學
Clinical Pharmacology 臨床藥理
其他的表示方法還有:
Actions 作用
Actions and Properties 作用與性質
Clinical Effect (Use) 臨床效果(用途)
Mechanism of Action 作用機理
Mode of Action 作用方式
如果藥品的一種抗生素,可能出現(xiàn):
Biological Action 生物活性
Microbiology 微生物學
此外,還有一此其他的表示方法,這里不一一列舉。
這一項目中涉及的詞匯范圍包括藥理學、生理學、化學、毒理學、微生物學及醫(yī)學等學科,專業(yè)詞匯多,是較難閱讀的一部分內(nèi)容,閱讀時可參閱《英漢醫(yī)學詞匯》、《英漢微生物學詞匯》及《英漢化學化工詞匯》等工具書。另外,還會遇到許多縮寫詞,如:CNS(中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng))、EEG(腦電圖)、LD50(半數(shù)致死劑量)、ECG(心電圖)等,這些縮寫詞可在英漢醫(yī)學縮略語詞典中查到。
一、常見句型舉例
例1. Mean peek serum concentrations of tobramycin occur between 30 and about 60 minutes after intramuscular administration.
肌注后約30~50分鐘之間妥布毒素的平均血藥濃度達到高峰。
例2. Nembutal Sodium exerts a depressant action on the CNS and shares the sedative-hypnotic actions typical of the barbiturates.
戊巴比妥鈉對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生抑制作用,并顯示戊巴比妥類特有的鎮(zhèn)靜催眠作用。
例3. In clinical trials the drug was shown to be highly effective in improving and normalizing the alternated cerebral circulation and those disorders related to insufficient arterial flow in the limbs.
臨床試驗證實,本品療效高,可改善已改變了的腦循環(huán),使之恢復正常,治療與四肢動脈血流不暢有關的疾病。
例4. Orbenin is stable to staphylococcal penicillinase, and highly effective against resistant staphylococci. It is bactericidal, acid-stable and well absorbed by either the oral or the intramuscular route.
全霉林對葡萄球菌的青霉素酶穩(wěn)定,對耐藥葡萄球菌十分有效。本品具殺菌、耐酸作用,且口服或肌注吸收良好。
例5. Nystain has been found to inhibit the growth of yeast like flora in the intestinal tract.
已查明制霉菌素在腸道內(nèi)可抑制菌叢類酵母菌的生長。
例6. Fenarol has proved to be effective as a striated muscle relaxant.
已證明芬那露是療效很好的橫紋肌松施藥。
例7. Halcion is a potent short-acting hypnotic agent, which produces its hypnotic activity from the first night of administration.
好而睡是一種強力速效催眠藥,它從服藥后的第一個夜晚開始產(chǎn)生催眠作用。
例8. Therapeutically, ATP injection exhibits effects, especially such as activation of the function and metabolism of the nerve, and also coronary and peripheral vasodilatation to increase the blood stream.
從治療上看,三磷酸腺苷注射劑顯示了非常好的效果,特別是在活化神經(jīng)的功能及代謝,以及舒張冠狀與外周血管以增加血流方面更是如此。
二、常用詞及短語舉例
1、動詞
absorb 吸收
act 作用
cause (be cause by) 引起(由……引起)
demonstrate 顯示
exert (action on) 起……作用
exhibit 顯示
inhibit 抑制
accumulate 積蓄
administrate 投藥
excrete 排泄
result in 導致 indicate 表明
maintain 維持
produce 產(chǎn)生
protect (from) 保護(不變)
reach 達到
show 顯示,表明
treat 治療
metabolize 代謝
promote 促進
prevent 阻止,預防
tolerate 耐受
2、形容詞
(be) active (effective) against 對…有效的
(be) related to 與……有關的
(be) sensitive to 對……敏感的
resistant to ……有耐藥性的 average 平均的
minimum 最低(?。┑?/span>
maximum 最高(大)的
normal 正常的
3、名詞
ability 能力
activity 活性
distribution 分布
excretion 排泄
action 作用
clearance 廓清率
effect on 對…的作用
function 功能,作用
half life 半衰期
in vitro 體外 kidney 腎
mechanism 機理
serum concentration 血清濃度
tolerance 耐受性
infection 感染
in vivo 體內(nèi)
level 水平,濃度
plasm lever 血漿濃度(水平)
toxicity 毒性
第四節(jié) 適應癥
“適應癥”最常用的有以下幾種表示方法
Indications適應癥
Indications and Usage 適應癥與用途
Major(Principal)Indications 主要適應癥
Uses用途
Action and Use作用與用途
偶爾也會見到其他的表示方法。
本項中出現(xiàn)頻率最高的是疾病名稱以及微生物(尤其是致病菌)的名稱,如:
angina pectoris 心絞痛
cancer癌
diabetes(mellitus)糖尿病
hypertension 高血壓
gram-positive microorganisms(bacteria)革蘭氏陽性菌
virus 病毒
gram-negative microorganisms(bacteria)革蘭氏陰性菌
E.coli 大腸桿菌
這些詞匯可借助英漢醫(yī)學詞典進行閱讀和翻譯,只要掌握了這些詞意,即可了解本項基本內(nèi)容。
一、常見句型
本項是說明書的重點,從句子結構來分析,大致有以下幾種類型。
1、不完全句結構.僅列出疾病或微生物的名稱.例如:
例1、Angina pectoris, Prinzmetal’s angina, hypertension
心絞痛,變異性心絞痛,高血壓。
例 2 The following diseases caused by bacteria including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus,Streptococcus, Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumonia……
用于治療由革蘭氏陽性和革蘭氏陰性細菌,如葡萄球菌、鏈球菌。大腸桿菌、肺炎桿菌……引起的下列疾病……
2 由For(或In等)引出的短語,例如:
例3 For prevention of the advance of cataract.
用于預防白內(nèi)障進展。
例 4 In the treatment of all forms of pulmonary tuberculosis in association with other antitubercular drugs.
與其他抗結核藥配伍,治療各種類型肺結核。
3.To+動詞原形構成的短語,如:
例 5 To prevent the formation of urinary calculi,especially in cases where they tend to recur.
用于預防尿路,特別是易發(fā)部位的結石的形成。
例6 To protect the liver cell during administration of drugs hazardous to the liver.
在服用對肝臟有危害的藥物期間,用以保護肝細胞。
4,完整的句子結構或段落,有時結構很復雜;
例 7 Amikacin is useful in the treatment of infections from Gram-negative sensitive species,there included the Pseudomonas species;it may also be useful to treat infections caused by sensitive staphylococci,
阿米卡星可用于治療革蘭氏陽性敏感菌(其中包括假單孢菌)引起的感染,也可用于治療敏感葡萄球菌引起的感染。
例 8 Nebcin is indicated for the treatment of the following infections caused by susceptible microorganisms:
乃柏欣適用于治療下列由敏感細菌引起的感染:
例 9 Octinum D has proved effective in the prophylaxis and therapy of disorders arising from spasm of the smooth musculature.
新握克了已證實對平滑肌痙攣引起的病癥有預防和治療作用。
例10 Fungizone intravenous is especially intended to treat cryptococcosis……
注射用凡疾送特別適用于治療隱球菌病。…
例11 Kanamycin is active both in vitro and vivo against Gram-possitive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as acid-fast bacteria
卡那霉素在體外及體內(nèi)對革蘭氏陽性和革蘭氏陰性菌以及耐酸菌都有效。
例12 Benemid is recommended for the treatmemt of gout and gouty arthritis, and to increase and prolong the plasma concentration of penicillins and cephalosporins during anti-infective therapy.
丙磺舒被推薦用于治療痛風及痛風關節(jié)炎,及在強化抗感染治療時增加并延長青霉素類及頭孢菌素類的血漿濃度。
例 13 Information available at present suggests that Oncovin may be useful either alone or in conjunction with other oncolytic drugs for the treatment of acute leukaemias ……
據(jù)現(xiàn)有資料表明,硫酸長春新堿可單獨使用,亦可與其他溶瘤細胞藥物合用,以治療急性白血病……
例14 Adriamycin is frequenly used in combination chemotherapy regiments with other cytotoxyc drugs.
阿霉素常與其他細胞毒藥物合用于化療方案。
例 15 Concomitant therapy with other calcium antagonists, antihypertensives and alcohol may potentiate the hypotensive action of the drug.
與其他的鈣桔抗劑、抗高血壓藥物及酒精飲料同時使用,會增強本品的降低血壓的作用。
二、本項中的常用詞及短語舉例
許多常用詞及疾病名、微生物名詞等與“藥理作用”項類同,此外還有以下詞組與短語(例句參見前文)。
be active against對……有效
be intended to…適用于……
be administered in …適用于…
be of value of … 適用于……
be effective in (for,against)…對…有效
be recommended for 推薦用于……
be employed to …用于……
be used to(for,as)…用于……
be helpful in … 用于……
be useful in … 用于……
be indicated in(for)…適用于…
for(in) the treatment(management)of… 用于治療(控制)
表示與“其他藥物合用”的結構有:
Be associated with
In association with
Be combined with
In combination with
Be compatible with
In conjunction with
Concomitant with
Together with
第五節(jié) 禁忌癥
本項中最常用的英語表示法是Contraindications,也有用Restrictions on Use(用藥限制)的。
一、本項中涉及到禁用(或慎用)某些藥物的患者或某種特殊情況,例如:
1、孕婦、妊娠期或哺乳期,幼童等:
pregnant woman 孕婦
lactation 哺乳期
in pregnancy 妊娠期
children under …years of age …歲以下兒童
the first trimester (3 months) of pregnancy 妊娠期的最初三個月
2、患有某些疾病或過敏的患者,如:
allergic (hypersensitive) to… 對…過敏的
allergic (anaphylactic) reaction 過敏反應
allergy (hypersensitivity) to… 對…過敏
patients with… (who…) 患有…的患者
二、本項中常出現(xiàn)一些疾病名稱,例如:
cardiac failure 心力衰竭
hypertension 高血壓
cardiac (renal) insufficiency 心(腎)功能不全
severe hypotension 嚴重低血壓
impairment of kidney (renal function) 腎功能損傷
diabetes 糖尿病
liver (hepatic) damage 肝損傷
severe anemia 嚴重貧血
三、常見句型
1) 省略句型,只列出禁忌對象或疾病名稱等。
例1. Pregnacy, allergy to methotrexate, functional disorders of liver and kidneys, diseases of the haematopoietic system (bone marrow hypoplasia, leucopenia, thrombocy - to penia, anaemia), intectious diseases, ulcers of the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract, recent operation wounds.
孕期,對氨甲葉酸過敏,肝、腎功能障礙,血液系統(tǒng)疾?。ü撬铏C能減退、白細胞及血小板減少、貧血),傳染病,口腔及胃潰瘍,近期術后傷口等忌用。
例2. Hypersensitivity to quinoiones, severerenal insufficiency.
對喹喏酮類過敏,嚴重腎功能不全。
2) 完整的句子或段落。其中常用的結構有:
contraindications are… 禁忌癥是…
be contraindicated in (for) … 對…禁忌
should not be used (employed) in … 不得用于…
It is advisable to avoid the use of … 建議不用于…
must not be administered (given) to… 對…不得用藥
should be used with caution 慎用
be not recommended for… 最好不用于…
none reported 未見報道
not known 不清楚
還可能有一些其他的結構。
例3. Cetazolin sodium is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to cephalosporin group of antibiotics.
先鋒5號禁用于已知對頭孢菌素類抗生素過敏的患者。
例4. It is advisable to avoid the use of Aramine with cyclo-propane or halothane anesthesia, unless clinical circumstances demand such use.
如果不是臨床需要,建議本品不要與環(huán)丙烷或氟溴氯乙烷麻醉劑合用。
例5. Do not take Benemid if prior administration resulted in hypersensitivity Benemid is not recommended for persons with known disorders of the blood or uric acid kidney stones. Do not give Benemid to children under two years of age.
若以前使用丙磺舒曾引起過敏反應,則應禁用。已知有血液疾患及尿酸性腎結石的患者建議不要使用本品,二歲以下兒童不得服用。
例6. Phenothiazine compounds should not be used in patients receiving large doses of hypnotics, and should be used, with caution in patients with a history of convulssive disorders, since grand mal convulsions have been known to occur.
接受大劑量安眠藥的患者不應使用吩噻嗪化合物,對有驚厥病史的患者應慎用,因為已知有發(fā)生過癲癇大發(fā)作。
例7. Ursosan should not be given to patients suffering from fulminant hepatitis and bile duct obstruction.
暴發(fā)性肝炎及膽管阻塞患者禁用熊去氧膽酸。
例8. This product is contraindicated in those patients who have shown hypersensitivity to it unless, in the opinion of the physician, the condition requiring treatment is life threatening and amenable only to amphotencin B therapy.
除非根據(jù)醫(yī)生的意見,認為需要治療的患者的病情危及生命,并且只有兩性霉素治療才可能使其有所改善之外,對本品過敏的患者禁用本品。
例9. Children under 5 years of age should not be treated with Antistine.
5歲以下兒童禁用敵胺。
例10. The use of Alexan in nursing mothers is not recommended.
哺乳期婦女最好不用愛力生。
例11. Pregnancy: Coumadin is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnat because the drug basses through the placental barrier and may cause fatal hemorrhage to the felus in utero.
妊娠期禁用:香豆定禁用于孕婦,或可能已懷孕的婦女,因為本品可能穿過胎盤屏障,引起子宮內(nèi)胚胎致命的出血。
四、在 Restrictions on use 的項目中有時還有小標題
Contraindications 禁忌癥
Precautions (Note) 注意事項
Warning 警告
Pregnancy and Lactation 妊娠與哺乳
第六節(jié) 用量與用法
本項最常用的英語表示法有:
Dosage and Administration 用(劑)量與用法
Route of Administration 給藥途徑(用法)
Administration 用法
Direction for Use 用法
Method of (for) Administration 用法
Application and Dosage 用法與用(劑)量
Mode of Application 用法
Dosage 用(劑)量
How to Use 用法
Posology 劑量學
還可能有其他的表示方法。
本項也是閱讀的重點,讀者必須正確理解本項內(nèi)容中的給藥對象、給藥方式、劑量及劑量單位、給藥時間等。
1、常用表示劑量的術語
average dose 平均劑量 minimal (minimum) dose 最小有效量
daily dose 日劑量(一日量) multiple dose 多劑量
divided dose 分次劑量 overdose (overdose) 過量
fatal (lethal) dose 致死量 single dose 一次劑量
indicated dose 有效蠐量 standard dose 標準(合適)劑量
initial (beginning, starting) dose 首次量 suggested (recommended) dose 推薦劑量
maintenance dose 維持量 therapeutic dose 治療劑量
maximum dose 最大劑量(極量) usual (normal) dose 常用劑量
2、常用的劑量單位表示法
g=gram 克 l=liter (litre) 升
mg=milligram 毫克 ml=milliliter 毫升
kg=kilogram 千克 c.c. 毫升
mcg=microgram 微克 I.U.=international unit 國際單位
ug 微克 body weight 體重
per square meter of body surface 每平方米體表面積
3、每次給藥次數(shù)的表示方法
daily (per day, a day, every day ) 每日
every …h(huán)ours 每隔…小時
intervats of … 每隔…
once (twice) daily (a day) 每日一(二)次
every other day 每隔一日
three times a day (daily) 每日三次
three times a week 每周三次
once (twice) a week (weekly) 每周一(二)次
Divided into … doses 分…次
in two or three divided doses 分為二或三次(個劑量)
例 1 Unless other wise prescribed by the physician, the average daily dose is 1 capsule 3 times daily.
如果醫(yī)生不另開處方,平均日劑量為每日3次、每次1個膠襄。
例2 The suggested dose is 10 to 15 mg per kg dody weight daily in 3-4 divided doses orally, taken with meets.
日劑量最好每公斤體重10-15mg,分3-4次口服,與食物共服。
例3 The initial dosage recommended is 1/2 tablet of Madopa 250 three times daily.
開始劑量最好為每日3次,每次半片美多巴250.
例4 Children: The usual dose is 50 to 100 mg/kg/day total, given in four equally divided and spaced doses.
兒童:常用總劑量為每日50-100mg/kg體重,均分為四等份,等間隔給藥。
例5 The recommended starting dose is 20mg given as a single daily dose.
推薦的首劑量為每20mg,一次服用。
4、給藥對象:最常見的用詞有
adolescents 青少年 intant(s) 幼兒
adult(s) 成年人 male 男性
baby (babies) 嬰兒 newborn baby (babies) 新生兒
children (child) 兒童 patient(s) 患者,病人
debilitated patients 體弱患者 pediatric 兒科的
elderly patient(s) 老年患者 pregnant women 孕婦
female 女性 senile patient(s) 老年患者(病人)
5、給藥方式的表示法:多用副詞成或介詞短語表示,例如:
intra-arterially 靜脈內(nèi)給藥 by mouth (OS) 口服
intragluteally 臀肌內(nèi)給藥 by phleboclysis 靜脈輸液
intramuscularly 肌內(nèi)給藥 by intramuscular (IM) injection 肌肉注射
intraperitoneally 腹(膜)腔內(nèi)給藥 by intravenous (IV) injection 靜脈注射
intrapleurally 胸(膜)腔內(nèi)給藥 by the intra-articatar administration 關節(jié)內(nèi)給藥
intrathecally 鞘內(nèi)給藥 by the intramuscular administration (route) 肌內(nèi)給藥
intravenously 靜脈內(nèi)給藥 by the intranasal route 鼻內(nèi)給藥
locally 局部給藥 orally 口服給藥
parenterally 腸道外給藥 by the intraperitoneal administration 腹(膜)腔內(nèi)給藥
subconjuntivally 結膜下給藥 by the intravenous infusion (perfusion) 靜脈輸注
subcutaneously 皮下給藥 sublingually 舌下給藥
submucously 粘膜下給藥 by the intrathecal administration 鞘內(nèi)給藥
by aerosol 噴霧給藥 by the sublingual administration 舌下給藥
by drip phleboclysis 點滴靜脈輸液 per rectum 直腸給藥
by enema 灌腸 per vaginum 陰道給藥
by lumbar 腰椎給藥 pro recto 直腸給藥
此外還有許多其他的表示法,不一一列舉。
6、表示“投藥”的常用動詞
administer (或be administered、give、be given、indicate、be indicated) 給藥、投藥
use (或be used 、employ、be employed) 用藥
recommend (be recommended、suggest、be suggested) 推薦給藥
7、表示不同的用藥方式的動詞:
take 服用 inhale 吸入 apply to 用于、涂于、敷于
spray 噴霧 inject 注射 swallow 吞服
例6 …The recommended single dose is 1 ampoule, given subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously.
建議一次劑量為1安瓶,皮下、肌肉或靜脈注射給藥。
例7 I.M injections should be administered in the amount of 25-50mg daily per kilo of body weight, subdivided into injections every6-8-12hours.
肌肉注射:每日每公斤體重給藥25-50mg,每6-8-12小時一次。
例8 For adults give intramuscular injection of 400 to 600 mg per day in 2-3 divided doses. For infants give intramuscular injection of 10-20mg/kg per day in two divided doses.
成年人:肌肉注射,每日400-600mg,分2-3次注射;嬰兒:肌肉注射,每日10-20mg/kg體重,分2次注射。
例9 The tablets (or the syrup) are to be taken during or after a meal with a little liquid.
片劑(或糖漿)應于食間或飯后用少量液體送服。
例10 Apply the Nitro-Dur system firmly to the skin surface. The Nitro-Dur system may be applied to any convenient skin area, a recommended side of application is the arm or chest.
把護心貼片緊貼在皮膚表面,護心貼片可貼在任何方便的皮膚區(qū)域,最好是貼在手臂或胸部。
例11 Ingeneral 1 to 3 metered doses should be inhaled or sprayed onto or under the tongue at the every onset of angina pain.
一般應在心絞痛開始發(fā)作時就吸入,或向舌上或舌下噴入1-3個規(guī)定的劑量。
8、其它的短語或句型,例如:
according to 根據(jù) be adjusted 調(diào)整 depend on 依據(jù) adapt to 適合,修改
on the basis of 在…基礎上 vary from…to… 變化范圍由…至…,因…而異
range from … to … 變化范圍由…至…
it is advisable to (it is recommended to、it is suggested to ) 建議…
例子很多,不一一列舉。
例12 Dosage should be adapted to patients individually, on the basis of periodic tests of glycosuria and blood sugar.
在周期性檢驗尿糖和血糖的基礎上,調(diào)整劑量,使之適用于不同的患者。
例13 It is advisable to initiate therapy with massive doses: 3x2 tablets daily after meals over 2-4 days.
建議開始治療時采用大劑量,每日劑量為3x2片,飯后服用,持續(xù)2-4日。
例14 Insevers chronic cases, treatment is started with daily 1 to 2 ampoules of Bilocid and continued with one ampoule every other day, injected slowly by the intravenous route.
治療嚴重的慢性疾病時,治療從每日1-2支利膽素注射劑開始,繼續(xù)治療時每隔一日1安瓶緩慢靜脈注射。
例15 The number of injections required may vary from patient to patient.
所需注射次數(shù)因患者而異。
例16 The dosage of Glutril must be adjusted by the doctor according to the individual metabolic state.
格路特利的劑量需由醫(yī)生根據(jù)每個患者的代謝狀況調(diào)整。
例17 In such instance, it is recommended that the dose be reduced.
在這種情況下,建議減少劑量。
例18 The maintenance dosage is determined by response of the patient.
第七節(jié) 不良反應
不良反應這一項中包括藥物的副作用、癥狀及體征、毒性作用及耐受力、過敏反應、停藥等。現(xiàn)分述如下:
1.“不良反應”的常用的英語表示法有:
Adverse Reaction(s)不良反應 Unwanted(Untoward) Reaction(s)不良反應
2“副作用”的常用的英語表示法有:
Side-effect(s) 副作用 Unwanted(Undesirable) Effects 副作用
Side Reaction(s) 副作用 By-effects 副作用
3.常見的霉副反應的癥狀及體征的詞語很多,但記住下列詞語很有必要:
allergic (hypersensitive,anaphylactic)reaction(s) 過敏反應
allergy(hypersensitivity) 過敏 dizziness 眩暈
gastrointestinal tract 胃腸道 fever 發(fā)熱
local reaction(s) 局部反應 flush 潮紅
skin reaction(s)皮膚反應 headache 頭痛
symptom(s)癥狀 nausea 惡心
systematic 全身的 pruritus 瘙癢
anorexia 厭食 rash 皮疹
blood count 白細胞計數(shù) spasm 痙攣
blood pressure 血壓 thirst 口渴
coma 昏迷 tiredness 疲倦
diarrhea 腹瀉 vomiting 嘔吐
4.“毒性”、“耐受性”的英語表示法:
toxicity 毒性
tolerance(tolerability) 耐受力,耐藥性
tolerate(toleration) 耐受
5.“停藥”的英語表示法舉例:
abandon 停藥
discontinue(discontinuance, discontinuation) 停藥,中斷(治療)
cease(cessation)(stop)停藥(停止治療)
don’t use 勿使用(停藥)
suspend 停藥
terminate 停止,結束
withdraw(be withdrawn,withdrawal)停藥
6.其他一些常見的基本詞匯及短語:
acute 急性的 control(be controlled)控制
chronic 慢性的 diminish(reduce,reduction)減少
common 常見的 disappear 消失
irreversible 不可逆的 encounter 遇到,見到
mild 輕微的 give rise to 產(chǎn)生
normal 正常的 include 包括
rare(ly)罕見的(地) lead to 導致
riverside 可逆的 manifest 表明,顯示
severe 嚴重的 observe(be observed)(被)觀察到
temporary 暫時的 produce 產(chǎn)生
transient 一過性的,短暫的 react to 對……反應
appear(develop,happen,occur)出現(xiàn)(產(chǎn)生)
result from 由……引起 be reported (被)報道
result in 導致 cause (be caused by) (由……)引起
treat(treatment) 治療
special care(caution)should be exercised 特別小心(注意)
例1 Ciprofloxactin is generally well tolerated. The most frequently reported adverse reactions are: nausea, diarrhaea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, headache, restlessness, rash, dizziness and pruritus.
環(huán)丙沙星一般耐受良好。最常報道的副作用有:惡心、腹瀉、嘔吐、消化不良、腹痛、頭痛、不安、皮疹、頭暈及瘙癢。
例2 Side-effects are rare with slow-K, as any excess potassium is rapidly excreted in the urine.
施樂凱的副作用根罕見,因為任何過量的鉀都迅速由尿排出。
例3 At the recommended dosage side-effects e.g. venous irritation or hypersensitivity reactions (coetaneous and mucous reactions) are only observed in isolated cases.
用推薦劑量治療時,僅見個別的靜脈刺激或過敏反應(皮膚及粘膜反應)病例。
例4 When adverse reactions occur, they are usually reversible and disappear when the hormone is discontinued.
當不良反應發(fā)生時,它們往往是可逆的,停用激素后副作用即消失。
例5 The most serious side-effect is damage to the bone marrow. Because of this, the white blood cell count should be controlled often enough during the treatment.
最嚴重的副作用是骨髓損害,因此在治療期間,要經(jīng)常監(jiān)測白細胞計數(shù)。
例6 These unwanted effects usually disappear spontaneously after 7-14 days or following a temporary reduction in the dosage.
這些副作用通常在7-14日之后,或者暫時降低劑量便自行消失。
例7 With high dosage continuous infusion (more than 200mg/m2/day) over 5 to 7 days, the gastrointestinal complications are more pronounced and can on occasion lead to ileus. All side effects are reversible after cessation of therapy.
大劑量連續(xù)輸注超過 5~7日(超過 200mg/m2/日),胃腸道并發(fā)癥更為明顯,偶爾可導致腸梗阻。停藥后副作用皆可逆轉。
例 8 In some patients nausea, dizziness,and vomiting may occur in the first days of treatment but the treatment need not be discontinued for that. In rare cases a decrease of blood pressure may appear for which a blood pressure check-up is recommended in out-patients before the treatment is initiated. If side-effects persist, lower doses should be administered.
服用本品的頭幾天,有些病人可能會出現(xiàn)惡心、頭暈和嘔吐,但不必停藥。偶有血壓下降的病例,為此,在治療開始前建議對門診患者檢測血壓。若副作用持續(xù)不消失,應減少服用劑量。
例9 Major adverse reactions (much less common than the minor adverse reactions) include inhibition of myelopoiesis, drug fever and hepatitis.
較重的不良反應(遠不及輕度不良反應常見)包括抑制骨髓細胞生成,藥物熱及肝炎。
例10 Side-effects: Loss of appetite and nausea occur in most cases, sometimes with vomiting. These symptoms are usually confined to the first few days of treatment and then tend to disappear.
副作用:多數(shù)病例出現(xiàn)食欲減退、惡心,有時嘔吐。這些癥狀通常發(fā)生在治療的最初幾天,以后逐漸消失。
第八節(jié) 注意事項
“注意事項”也是藥品說明書中的重要內(nèi)容之一。為了安全用藥,廠商在本項中特別強調(diào)應注意的事項,其中主要包括:正確的劑量和用法,超過劑量時的應急措施,用藥對象,可能出現(xiàn)的較嚴重的副作用及治療方案,藥物的配伍,藥液的配制、使用及保管等、方面的注意事項?,F(xiàn)就本項內(nèi)容詳細介紹如下:
1. 本項常用的英語表示法:
Precaution(s) 注意事項 Special note(caution, precaution)特別注意
Caution(s) 注意事項 N.B. 注意
Note 注意 Warning(s) 警告
有時也用:
Important 重要事項 Important for the patients 患者須知
2. 本項中常見的檢查項目:
blood count 血細胞汁數(shù) Kidney (renal) function 腎功能
blood picture(hemogram) 血象 Liver(hepatic)function 肝功
blood level 血濃度 serum concentration 血清濃度
blood pressure 血壓 serum creatinine test 血清肌酸酐檢驗
clotting time 凝血時間 urine routine(examination) 尿常規(guī)
creatinine clearance 肌酸酐清除率
3. 本項的特點是內(nèi)容長短不一,有難有易;詞匯量大,涉及面廣,既有普通詞匯,也有大量的專業(yè)詞匯及編寫詞。許多詞匯、結構和句型可在藥理作用、適應癥、禁忌癥、劑量和用法、副作用,貯藏等項中見到。從英語結構上分析,句型變化較多,長句、難句也屢屢出現(xiàn),是比較難讀的一個項目。
例1 Warnings and precautions: Ciprofloxacin should be used with caution in epileptics and patients with a history of CNS disorders and only if the benefits of treatment are considered to outweight the risk of possible CNS side-effects.
警告和注意事項:癲癇病人及有中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病史的患者慎用環(huán)丙沙星,僅當認為療效超過可能產(chǎn)生的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)副作用的危險時才可使用。
例2 Ciprofloxacin could result in impainnent of the patients ability to drive or operate machinary, particularly in conjunction with alcohol.
環(huán)丙沙星能損害人們駕駛汽車或操縱機器的能力,尤其是在飲酒之后。
例3 Warnings: Vepeside should be administered under the supervision of a qualified physicain experienced in the use of cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
警告:泛必治應該在使用治療癌癥的化療制劑方面有經(jīng)驗、有資格的醫(yī)生的監(jiān)護下使用。
例4 The most serious risk associated with anticoagulant therapy with sodium warfarin are hemorrhage in any tissue or organ and less frequently, necrosis and/ or gangrene of skin and other tissues. The risk of hermorrhage is related to level of intensity and the duration of anticoagulant therapy.
用華注林鈉進行抗凝治療產(chǎn)生的最嚴重的危險就是組織或器官出血,以及不大常出現(xiàn)的皮膚和其他組織的壞死和(或)壞疽。出血的危險與抗凝治療的藥物濃度(水平)及療程長短有關。
例5 The occurrence of a platelet count below 50,000/mm3 or an absolute neutrophil count below 500/mm3 is an indication to withhold further therapy until the blood counts have sufficiently recovered.
血小板數(shù)低于s0,000/mm3 或絕對中性白細胞數(shù)低于500/mm3 ,表明不能繼續(xù)使用本品治療,待白細胞計教充分恢復后才能繼續(xù)用藥。
例6 Wayfaring therapy should be discontinued when wayfaring is suspected to be the cause of developing necrosis and heparin therapy may be considered for anticoagulation.
當懷疑華法林治療引起壞死時,則須停止治療,并且考慮使用肝素治療。
例7 Dosage should be controlled by periodic determinations of prothrombin time(PT) or other suitable coagulation tests.
必須定期檢查凝血酶原時間(PT),或做其他相應的凝血試驗來控制劑量。
例8 Please note Cerebral convulsive disease is regarded as a relative contraindication for examinations in the subarachnoid space. If after careful consideration, these examinations are nevertheless performed, all equipment and medicines necessary to counter any convulsions may occur must be prepared ready for use beforehand.
請注意:腦驚厥被認為相對禁止進行蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔檢查,如經(jīng)謹慎考慮后、仍要進行這些檢查時.必須事先備妥應付可能發(fā)生驚厥所需的所有設備與藥品。
例9 Caution must be exercised in the case of hypersensitivity to iodinated contrast media, latent hyperthyroidism and bland nodular goiter.
對碘造影劑過敏、隱匿性甲狀腺亢進和輕微甲狀腺腫的病例,應慎重。
例10 Caution Alcohol intake may enhance nitrate effects and occasionally induce hypotension with subsequent impairment of reactivity. During the first three months of pregnancy drugs should only be used on the express direction of the attendant physician. Isket spray should not be stored at temperatures above 25.C! Temperatures above40 ℃are to be avoided, even for bried periods! Do not force canister open, even when empty!
注意:飲酒可增強硝酸鹽的作用、偶爾引起低血壓,繼而損害反應力。妊娠三個月時,只有在監(jiān)護醫(yī)生明確指導下才可使用本品。異舒吉噴霧劑的貯存溫度不應超過25℃!避免超過40℃。即使短時間也不可!不要用力開罐,即使空罐時也不可用力開!勿使兒童接觸本品
例11 As with all new drugs, patients should be followed carefully so that any side-effects or unusual manifestations of drug idiosyncrasy may be detected. If any allergic reaction to Keflex occurs, the drug should be discontinued and the patient treated with the usual agents.
像使用所有新藥一樣,應細心地隨訪患者,以便觀察任何副作用或藥物特異反應。如果出現(xiàn)對頭抱菌素IV的過敏反應,應停藥,并用常規(guī)藥物治療患者。
例12 Inpatients with normal renal function, chronic hypocalcaemia may be associated with an increase in serum creatinine. While this is usually reversible, it is important in such patients to pay careful attention to those factors which may lead to hypocalcaemia.
對于腎功能正常的患者,慢性高鈣血癥可能與血清肌酸酐增多有關。這通常雖然是可逆的,然而對這樣的病人,密切注意可能導致血鈣過多的各種因素是很重要的。
例13 Precautions 一Avoid the concomitant use, in the absence of special monitoring laboratory of parameters, of anticoagulants or aspirin. 一Inform the attending physician in the event of bleeding or of the occurrence of a hematoma.
注意事項:在無化驗室參考指標的專門監(jiān)測情況下,避免與抗凝劑或阿司匹林合用。如發(fā)生出血或出現(xiàn)血腫,應通知主治醫(yī)生。
例14 Periodical examination of hepatic or renal function and blood picture is desirable since Kedacillin may increase SGOT. SGPT and BUN, and decrease erythrocyte and leukocyte.
磺芐青霉素鈉可使血清谷-草轉氨酶,血清谷-丙轉氨酶和血液尿素氮增高,使紅細胞和白細胞減少.所以最好要定期檢查肝、腎功能和血象。
例15 N.B.Transference from insulin to Glutei may be attempted in case of maturity-onset diabetes with obesity; dosage is based upon the result of the necessarily frequent metabolic tests.
注意:伴有肥胖癥的成年型糖尿病患者,可試從胰島素改用格路特利治療,劑量應以必須經(jīng)常進行的代謝試驗為依據(jù)。
第九節(jié) 包 裝
1“包裝”在英文藥品說明書中的表示法有許多,最常用的是Pack(Package)和Supply,例如:
Pack(s) (Packing(s)) 包裝 Supplys(Supplied) 包裝
Package(s) 包裝 How Supplied 包裝方式
Packing for Hospital 醫(yī)院用包裝 Method of Supply 包裝方式
Package Quantitiess( Quantity)包裝量
此外還有,
Presentation 包裝 Hospital (Size) Packs 醫(yī)院用包裝
Availability 包裝 Trade Packs(Packings) 商品包裝
Mode(Form)of Issue 包裝
2 常見的包裝單位(工具)的英語表示法:
ampoule(s) 安瓿 carton 紙盒
blister pack(package) 鋁塑包裝(水泡眼包裝)
pack 包
blister strip 鋁塑條狀包裝(水泡眼條包裝)
sheet 張
bottle 瓶
strip 條
box 盒
tube 管
canist 罐
vial 玻璃小瓶
3 藥物的常見劑型的英語表示法:
aerosol (spray, inhaler) 氣霧劑 ampoule 針劑
capsules 膠囊 oral solution 口服液
coated(-)tablets 包衣片 pill 丸劑
cream 乳膏 powder 粉劑
derm TTS 皮膚貼膏 retard capsules (tablets) 緩釋膠囊(片)
dragee 糖衣丸 scored-tablets 刻(劃)痕片
drops 滴劑 solution 溶液劑
emulsion 乳劑栓劑 sugar-coated tablets 糖衣片
film-coated tablets 薄膜片。膜衣片
suppositories 栓劑
granule 顆粒 suspension 懸浮劑,混懸劑
injection 注射劑,針劑
sustained release tablets 恒(緩)釋片
liniment 搽劑 syrup 糖漿
liquid 液劑 tablets 片劑
ointment 軟膏
4 本項的結構特點;內(nèi)容結構簡單,多為不完全句,或僅僅列出包裝工具、劑型、裝量等,詞匯量容易閱讀。
例1 Presentation 30 capsules.
包裝:30粒膠囊裝。
例2 Packages:Box containing one 100 mg bottle
包裝:盒裝,每盒1瓶,每瓶100 mg.
例3 Packing Bottle of 12 capsules 250 mg and 500 mg.Box of 12 capsules 250 mg in blister. Bottle for pediatric use (granulated):20 gmgranulated contain1 gmampicillin, The content of the spoon included in the packing corresponds to 100 mg ampicillin.
包裝瓶裝12粒膠囊,每粒含量250或500mg.盒裝12粒膠囊(水泡眼包裝),每粒含量250mg.瓶裝兒童用顆粒劑:20克顆粒劑每瓶含有 1 g 氨芐青霉素。附在包裝內(nèi)的一匙的量,相當于1O0 mg 氨芐青霉素。
例4 Mode of issue Ceopran Is issued in vials containing 250 mg, 500 mg and 1 gram of cephaloridine.
包裝方式本品小瓶包裝,內(nèi)裝 250mg、500mg及 1 g 頭抱菌素II.
例5 Trade packs Trade packs containing 50 and 100 sugar coated tablets.
商品包裝 50 及 100 糖衣片包裝。
例6 Packs(Madopar)250: Cross-scored tablets each containing 200mg levodopa+50 mg benserazide.
包裝 美多巴“250”刻痕片,每片含200mg左族多巴50mg羥芐絲肼。
例7 Method of supply Tablets in tubes, each containing 30 tablets. Paint in glass bottles of 24 ml.Meladinine is supplied only on prescriiption.
包裝方式 管裝片劑.每管30片。玻璃瓶裝搽劑,每瓶24ml.敏白靈只按處方供藥。
例8 Availability Syrup: Orbenin syrup is available in bottles containing reconstitutable powder for preparing an aqueous solution. When dispensed each 5 ml teaspoonful contains 125mg cloxacillin as the sodium salt.
包裝 糖漿:全霉林糖漿為瓶裝,內(nèi)含可供再配制水溶液的粉末。配制后的每茶匙5ml藥液中含125ml 鄰氯青霉素鈉鹽,
例9 How supplied Tablets: Coumadin (crystalline Wartarin Sodium USP), For oral use, single scored imprinted numerically and Packaged in bottles with potencies and colors as follows:
包裝 片劑:香豆定(結晶華法林鋼一美國藥典標準)。供口服。藥片上有一條劃痕,印有數(shù)字。瓶裝,效價及顏色如下:
例10 Also available in Hospital Unit-Dose blister package of 100.
也提供醫(yī)院用的單位劑量的鋁塑包裝,(每包〕100片裝。
例11 Temaril 250:white, film-coated tablets marked on one side with 250, each tablet containing 291.5mg ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate (equivalent 50 250mg ciprofloxacin).
替馬利爾25U:白色有刻痕標記的薄膜片,一面刻有“250mg”字樣、每片含 291.5mg 鹽酸環(huán)丙沙星-水合物(相當于250mg環(huán)丙沙星)。
例12 Packs Standard packs of 20 dragees Hospital packs of 100,500 and 1000 dragees.
包裝 標準包裝為20粒糖衣九。醫(yī)院用包裝為100,500及1000粒糖衣丸。
例13 Package ouantities Beconase Nasal Spray is a metered-dose aerosols with a specially designed nasal applicator. Each canister provides 200 sprays.
包裝 噴霧劑是一種氣霧劑.配有專門設計可供鼻用的噴霧器,每罐可噴霧 200次。
第十節(jié) 貯存
“貯存”的英語常用表示法是Storage.本項中常用的一些短語有:
store (keep) in a cool and dry place 存于于陰涼干燥處
away from light 避光
away from children 勿讓兒童接觸
protect from light (heat) 避光(熱)
out of (the) reach of children 勿讓兒童觸及
prevent moisture 防潮
本項的句子較簡單多為一簡單句,其中多為祈使句;用詞也不多。
例1 store medicines carefully. Keep away from children.
注意保存.勿讓兒童接觸。
例2 Store below 25℃ protecting from freezing and light.
存于25℃以下,防凍,避光。
例3 Validity and storage. The solution will keep for five years if stored at a temperature below +20℃.
有效期及貯法:放置于20℃以下可保存5年。
例4 Storage instructions: Protect from heat and light.
貯存方法;避光及防熱貯存。
例5 To be stored in a dry place at a temperature not above 25℃.
存于不高于25℃的干燥之處。
例6 Do not store the suppositories over 25℃.
本栓劑不得存于25℃以上的溫度。
例7 store at below 25℃ and protect from moisture,
存于25℃以下,防潮。
例8 The solution should be prepared immediately prior to use, but can be stored at4℃or up to one week.
藥液應在配制后立即使用,但在4℃下可貯存一周。
有時也有較復雜的結構,或較多的內(nèi)容,如:
例9 Ampoules and unopened nasal spray bottles should be stored in a refrigerator (2—8℃). Once opened the nasal spray bottle must be kept at room temperature; it should be kept in the upright position and used for a maximum of 4 weeks. Like all drugs,Miacalcic should be kept out of reach of children.
安瓿或未開啟的噴霧劑瓶應存于冰箱(2-8℃)中。噴霧劑瓶一旦開啟。就應于室溫下保存、藥瓶應直立存放,使用時間最多為4周。與其他藥物一樣,密鈣息應妥善保存,勿讓兒童接觸。
例10 Protect from light. Store in carton until contents have been used. Store at controlled room temperature(59一86F,15℃一30℃). Dispense in al tight, light-resistant container as defined in the U.S.P.
避光保存。藥片在使用前于紙盒中保存。在恒溫室溫(59~86F,15℃一30℃)下保存。調(diào)劑時,使用美國藥典規(guī)定的密閉,避光容器。
例11 Fungizone intravenous in powder form should be stored in the refrigerator, protected against exposure to light. The concentrate may be stored in the dark, at room temperature for 24 hours, or at refrigerator temperatures for one week with minimal loss of potency and clarity. Any unused material should then be discarded.
兩性霉素B粉劑應避光存于冰箱中。濃縮液可存于暗處,室溫下可保存Z4小時,或可在冰箱 溫度下保存一周,其效價及澄明度變化極小。那以后一切尚未用的藥物就應棄之。
第十一節(jié) 其他項目
上述10項是絕大多數(shù)英文藥品說明書中必備項目,但是許多說明書中還常常出現(xiàn)其他一些項目。例如:
1、特點(Characteristics),
2、性質(Properties),
3、藥代動力學(Phamacokinetics),
4、用藥過量(Overdosage),
5、相互作用(Interactions),
6、有效期(Validity),
7、其他可能出現(xiàn)的項目。
現(xiàn)將各項簡要分述如下:
1、Characteristics(特點)或Features(特點)的主要內(nèi)容是藥物的藥理作用特點、療效、劑量及藥物代謝等。所以本項內(nèi)的英語詞匯及結構特點與“藥理學”、“劑量”等項內(nèi)容相似。
例1 Characteristics:
1)Asverin Is an entirely new and patented cough medicine developed by Tanabe’s rocess.
2)Asverin being a non-narcotic, can be used as a common medicine.
3)Antitussive effect of Asverin is equal to or more powerful than that of codeine.
4)Asverin is provided with an expectorating action which has been never found in any conventional antitussitive agents so far available in the market.
5)Asverin can be administered safely for a long duration without any side effect.
特點1)安嗽靈是一種全新的、獲有專利的用塔那勃氏方法研制的鎮(zhèn)咳藥。
2)安嗽靈屬非麻醉藥,可作為常用藥使用。
3)安嗽靈的鎮(zhèn)咳作用相當于或強于可待因。
4)安嗽靈的祛痰作用是迄今市場上可買到的常用鎮(zhèn)咳藥中前所未有的。
5)安嗽靈可長期服用,既安全又無副作用。
2. Properties(Property)(性質):本項內(nèi)容與Characteristics 基本相同。
例2 Methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolite of folic acid which has been used for a long time in the chemotherapy of tumors.
氨甲葉酸(簡稱MTX)為甲酰四氫葉酸的抗代謝物,長期以來一直用作治療腫瘤的化療藥物。
例3 Unlike nitroglycerine, it is not rapidly inactivated in the liver and a reliable clinical effect can be expected. Toxicity is low-effects are minimal with Motazomin.
脈心導敏與硝酸甘油不同,在肝臟不能迅速失活,因而可望具有可靠的臨床效果,本品毒性小,副作用極為輕微。
例4 Urgenin acts as an anti-inflammatory, reducing the swelling in the prostatic bladder region caused by general obstruction. It also stimulates the blood circulation in this area and the body’s natural defense mechanism.
護前列腺素具有抗炎作用,能減輕前列腺膀胱區(qū)因一般性梗阻引起的腫脹,本品能刺激上述部位的血液循環(huán),并增加機體的自然防御機制。
例5 Medomin induces restorative sleep lasting 6-8 hours. Because it is rapidly and completely broken down in the body, it is unlikely to produce morning hangover and does not cumulate. It retains its full activity even when used repeatedly.
美多眠可使消除疲勞的睡眠持續(xù)6~8小時;由于本品在體內(nèi)能迅速和完全分解,因而不會產(chǎn)生清晨的“殘留作用.也沒有積蓄作用。即使經(jīng)常服用,本品仍能保持充分的活性。
3.Pharmacokinetics(藥物代謝動力學) 的內(nèi)容王要是代謝(metabolism),吸收(absorption),分布與排泄(distribution and elimination)等:
例6 Ampicillin is stable in the presence of gastric acid and is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (30-60% of a dose being absorbed by this route). Its absorption, however, is diminished when it is taken together with food.
氨芐青霉素在胃酸中穩(wěn)定.而且易被胃腸道吸收(30~60%的一次劑量經(jīng)此途徑吸收)然而與食物共服,其吸收減少。
例7 The absolute bioavailability of Miacalic fouowing intramuscular or subcutaneous injection is approximately 70%. Its peak plasma concentration is attained within one hour and it has half-life of elimination of 70-90 minutes. Up to 95% of the dose is excreted via the kidneys, 2% as unchanged drug. The apparent volume of distribution is 0.15~0.31/kg and protein binding 30~40%.
肌注或者下注射后.密鈣息的絕對生物利用率約為70%。1小時內(nèi)其血藥濃度可達高峰,其半衰期為 70~90分鐘。高達95%的劑量經(jīng)由腎臟排出,2%以其不變的藥物原型排出。表觀分布容積為0.15~0.31/kg、蛋白質結合率為 30~4C%。
例8 Midazolam is completely metabolized in the body. The primary metabolite is a-hydroxy-midazolam, which can be traced in the plasma. Immediately after its formation, this active metabolite is conjugated with glucuronic acid(inactivation)and then eliminated by the kidneys.
速眠安在體內(nèi)代謝完全,主要的代謝產(chǎn)物為a-羥基速眠安,可在血漿中查出。代謝產(chǎn)物形成后,此活性代謝物便立即與葡萄糖醛酸結合(失活),然后由腎臟排出。
4. Overdosage(超劑量,藥物過量)主要介紹用藥過量所產(chǎn)生的后果(effect),癥狀(signs and symptoms)及處理(treatment)方法。其英語詞匯和結構等與“劑量與用法”,“副作用”,“注意事項”等項目中的詞匯和結構相似。
例9 Overdosage may give rise to the following signs and symptoms: tremor, xcitation, convulsions, changes in blood pressure impairment of consciousness, and coma. EEG and ECG changes may also occur. Treatment: Measures to monitor and safeguard vital functions. Administration of diazepam where necessary.
超劑量可能引起下列體征和癥狀:震顫、興奮、痙攣、血壓改變、意識損害及昏迷。心電圖和腦電圖也可能發(fā)生改變。
治療:采取措施監(jiān)護重要器官的功能。必要時給予安定。
例10 Manifestations of Halcion overdosage include extensions of its pharmacological activity, namely somnolence and hypnosis. As in all cases of drug overdosage, respiration, pulse, and blood pressure should be monitored and supported by general measures when necessary. Immediate gastric lavage should be performed. Intravenous fluids should be administered and an adequate airway maintained.
好爾睡服用過量的表現(xiàn)是其藥理活性的擴展,即嗜睡和催眠。像處理所有藥物過量的病例一樣,必須對呼吸、脈搏和血壓進行監(jiān)測,必要時采用通用措施,應立即洗胃、靜脈輸液,并保持呼吸道暢通。
5. Interactions或drug Interactions(相互作用,或藥物的交互作用):本項內(nèi)容主要是介紹藥物合用時的注意事項。
例11 Temaril tablets should not be administered with 4 hours of medications containing mgnesium,aluminium or iron salts as interference with absorption may occur.
在使用了含鎂、鋁或鐵鹽的藥物之后的4小時內(nèi)不應使用環(huán)丙沙星片劑,因為可能影響吸收。
例12 Simultaneous consumption of alcohol can impair reaction time. e.g. in traffic or during operation of machines. At higher dosage of Elantan 20 with simultaneous administration of blood-pressure-lowering medicaments the effect of the latter can be potentiated.
同時飲酒可能損害反應時間,例如駕駛車輛或操縱機器期間。大量服用單硝酸異山梨醇的同時服用降血壓藥物,可能會增強后者的藥效。
例13 Dormicum can enhance the central sedative effect of neuroleptics, tranquilizers’, antidepressants, sleep-inducing drugs, analgesics and anesthetics.
速眠安能增強神經(jīng)抑制劑、安定劑、抗抑郁劑、催眠、鎮(zhèn)靜劑和麻醉劑的中樞神經(jīng)鎮(zhèn)靜作用。
例14 Concomitant treatment with other vasodilators, calcium antagonists, betablockers, diuretics, antihypertensives, tricyclic antidepressants, major tranquilizers, and dihydroergotamine, as well as the consumption of alcohol, may potentiate the blood pressure lowering effect of Nitroderm TTS.
與其他藥物,例如:血管擴張藥、鈣桔抗劑、B-受體阻斷劑、利尿劑、抗高血壓藥、三環(huán)抗抑郁藥、強鎮(zhèn)靜劑及二氫麥角胺合用,以及飲酒等,可加強硝酸甘油護心貼膏的降血壓作用。
6.Validity(有效期):藥品的有效期或失效期有以下幾種表示方法:
validity 有效期 storage life 貯存期
Expiry(Exp.) date 失效(日)期 Shelf life 貯存期(貯藏期限)
Expiring 失效期 Stability 穩(wěn)定性
Expiration date 失效(日)期
例15 Expiry: 18 months (Expiry date is printed on the vial label.)
有效期:18個月(失效日期印在瓶簽上)。
例16 Validity and storage: The solution will keep for five years if stored at a temperature below +20℃
有效期及貯存法:于20℃以下可保存5年。
例17 Stability: Cefoperazone is stable at least 24 hours in aqueous solutions, stored at temperature which ranges from 5 to25℃.The powder form is really effective till the expiry date indicated on packings.
穩(wěn)定性:頭孢哌酮存于5~25℃溫度下的穩(wěn)定性至少可達24小時。木品粉劑的藥效實際上可保持到包裝上規(guī)定的失效日期。
例18 Stability: See expiry date on the outside of the pack.
穩(wěn)定性;見外包裝上的失效日期
例19 Shelf-life: The drug should not be used after the expiry date(=Exp) printed on pack.
木品超過包裝上印刷的有效期后不得使用,
7. 其他可能出現(xiàn)的項目:
1) References 參考文獻 Literature 參考文獻
2) Clinical data 臨床數(shù)據(jù)
3) Formula(Formulation) 分子式
4) Recommendations 建議
5) Remark(s) 注意 Attention 注意
6) Tolerance 耐受性
7) Information for the patients 患者須知
8) Further information 補充資料
9) Batch No 批號
10)Made in 由……制造 Produced by 由…生產(chǎn)
Manufactured(Made)by 由…制造
11)Pharmaceuticals Precautions 藥品的注意事項
還可能有其他項目.這里不再列舉。
以上是英文藥品說明書中的主要項目的英文標題,不同的表示方法,結構特點,常用詞,短語及句型等。掌握這些內(nèi)容有助于了解英文說明書的脈絡,但要完全理解說明書的全部內(nèi)容還需要經(jīng)過一番努力。